1.  Kevin Palmer, “Emma Raducanu Confirms First Sponsorship Deal and Plenty More Will Follow,” Tennis365, last modified September 22, 2021, https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/raducanu-sponsorship-money-earni ngs/&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1633492844797000&usg=AOvVaw12L7ET__TGMXgxvjX3X87r.

2.  Emma Hruby, “Emma Raducanu Gains 1.4 Million Instagram Followers after US Open Run,” Just Women’s Sports, last modified September 15, 2021, https://justwomenssports.com/emma-raducanu-gains-1-4-million-instagram-followers-after-us-open-run/.

3.  Palmer, “Emma Raducanu,” Tennis365.

4.  AJ McDougall, “Teen Tennis Phenom Emma Raducanu Sails into U.S. Open Semis,” Daily Beast, last modified September 8, 2021, https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.thedailybeast.com/18-year-old-tennis-phenom-emma-raducanu-beats-belinda-bencic-will-compete-in-us-open-semifinals&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1633492720359000&usg=AOvVaw0Nc5sPajkZzhOOOi1usWwx.

5.  Lara Keay, “Emma Raducanu: The ‘Celestial Talent’ from Bromley Who Is Making History,” Sky News, last modified September 12, 2021, https://www.google.com/url?q=https://news.sky.com/story/who-is-emma-raducanu-and-how-is-she-making-history-at-the-us-open-12401968&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1633492901020000&usg=AOvVaw0xjD2xFEOwuFxABcZUX6ok

6.  Caroline Davies and Mark Sweeney, “Raducanu Set for Global Media Stardom, Say UK Marketing Experts,” The Guardian, last modified September 10, 2021, https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/sep/10/raducanu-global-media-sta rdom-marketing-experts-tennis&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1633492921044000&usg=AOvVaw1-aMXM Ga-8IgZ9K0ZefdVe. 

7.  Robert J. Lake, Routledge Handbook of Tennis: History, Culture and Politics (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2019), 99-100.

8.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 100.

9.  Kristi Tredway, Social Activism in Women’s Tennis: Generations of Politics and Cultural Change (Routledge, 2019), 1, PDF.

10.  Tredway, Social Activism, 67.

11.  Tredway, Social Activism, 93.

12.  Tredway, Social Activism, 68-70.

13.  Kristi Tredway, “The Performance of Blackness and Femininity in Postfeminist Times: Visualizing Serena Williams within the Context of Corporate Globalization,” in New Sporting Femininities, ed. Kim Toffoletti, Jessica Francombe-Webb, and Holly Thorpe (2018), 77-78, https://ktredway.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/tredway-2018-serena-postfeminism.pdf.

14.  Tredway, “The Performance of Blackness and Femininity,” 67. 

15.  Tredway, Social Activism, 93.

16.  Tredway, “The Performance of Blackness and Femininity,” 67. 

17.  Tredway, Social Activism, 93.

18.  Tredway, Social Activism, 68-70.

19.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 234-236.

20.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 241-242.

21.  Tredway, “The Performance of Blackness and Femininity,” 67.  

22.  Tredway, Social Activism, 96.

23.  Tredway, Social Activism, 106.

24.  Katy Waldman, “Long Live the Tennis Grunt!,” Slate, last modified June 28, 2021, https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/06/grunting-and-tennis-why-the-case-to-ban-women-from-making-loud-noises-on-court-is-crazy.html.

25.  Jessica Love and Lindsey Conlin Maxwell, “Serena Williams: From Catsuit to Controversy,” International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 1 (2020): 31, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RDFH9ucN-DxXbiE4OMk3Vw-n6RZjmvI0/view?usp=sharing.

26.  James H. Frey and D. Stanley Eitzen, “Sport and Society,” Annual Review of Sociology 17 (1991): 504, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2083352.

27.  Tredway, “The Performance of Blackness and Femininity,” 71.

28.  Love and Maxwell, “Serena Williams,” 33.

29.  Joseph Michalitsianos, “Learn about Serena, Venus Williams before King Richard’s Release,” NBC Connecticut, last modified November 20, 2021, https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/sports/learn-about-serena-venus-williams-before-king-richards-release/2656901/.

30.  Women’s Tennis Association, “Serena Williams,” WTA Tour, https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230234/serena-williams/stats.

31.  Anita Stahl, “Reading between the Baselines: Gender, Sexuality, and Race in Elite Women’s Tennis” (PhD diss., University of California-Santa Barbara, 2021), 162-163, https://ucsb.app.box.com/s/3xg8yf1s7safzpjd1p0pxk46xu2nf1sh.

32.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 162-163, https://ucsb.app.box.com/s/3xg8yf1s7safzpjd1p0pxk46xu2nf1sh.

33.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 162-163, https://ucsb.app.box.com/s/3xg8yf1s7safzpjd1p0pxk46xu2nf1sh.

34.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 164. 

35.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 164. 

36.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 162-163.

37.  Delia D. Douglas, “Venus, Serena, and the Women’s Tennis Association: When and Where ‘Race’ Enters,” Sociology of Sport Journal, no. 3 (2005): 264, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eBAcnl2cUTdkdzniNpXV5ukoluyLa4k5/view.

38.  Douglas, “Venus, Serena, and the Women’s Tennis Association,” 264. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eBAcnl2cUTdkdzniNpXV5ukoluyLa4k5/view.

39.  Douglas, “Venus, Serena, and the Women’s Tennis Association,” 264.

40.  Selena Roberts, “TENNIS; Serena Williams Wins As the Boos Pour Down,” The New York Times, last modified March 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/18/sports/tennis-serena-williams-wins-as-the-boos-pour-down.html.

41.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 171. 

42.  Wynne Davis, “Serena Williams Fined $17,000 for 3 Code Violations in U.S. Open Final,” NPR, last modified September 8, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/09/08/645919944/naomi-osaka-wins-u-s-open-in-upset-after-serena-williams-gets-game-penalty#:~:text=Serena%20Williams%20Fined%20%2417%2C000%20For,In%20U.S.%20Open%20Final%20%3A%20NPR&text=More%20Podcasts%20%26%20Shows-,Serena%20Williams%20Fined%20%2417%2C000%20For%203%20Code%20Violations%20In%20U.S.,between%20Williams%20and%20the%20umpire.

43.  Davis, “Serena Williams,” NPR.

44.  Davis, “Serena Williams,” NPR.

45.  Davis, “Serena Williams,” NPR.

46.  Tredway, Social Activism, 115.

47.  Tredway, Social Activism, 119.

48.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 168-169. 

49.  Sabrina Razack and Janelle Joseph, “Misogynoir in women’s sport media: Race, nation, and diaspora in the representation of Naomi Osaka,” Media, Culture & Society 43, no. 2 (2021): 293, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNvOArDzoWkrlyO2dDXfO9mQm-X2NmSl/view.

50.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 292.

51.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 294.

52.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 297-298.

53.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 297-298.

54.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 297-298.

55.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 300.

56.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 301.

57.  Ben Rothenberg, “Li Na, Two-Time Major Winner, Is Retiring With Knee Woes,” The New York Times, last modified September 18, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/sports/tennis/chinas-li-na-set-to-retire-from-tennis.html.

58.  Tredway, Social Activism, 103. 

59.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 88.

60.  Tredway, Social Activism, 203.

61.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 86.

62.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 86.

63.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 88.

64.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 89-90.

65.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 90.

66.  Courtney Nguyen, “Li Na’s comments after French Open loss cause stir in China,” Sports Illustrated, last modified June 2, 2013, https://www.si.com/tennis/2013/06/02/li-na-china-french-open.

67.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 90.

68.  Brook Larmer, “Li Na, China’s Tennis Rebel,” The New York Times Magazine, last modified August 22, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/25/magazine/li-na-chinas-tennis-rebel.html.

69.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 49. 

70.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 49. 

71.  Johnette Howard, “Pride month: Navratilova, King and the 90 days that shook women’s tennis,” WTA Tour, last modified June 11, 2021, https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2167985/pride-month-navratilova-king-and-the-90-days-that-shook-women-s-tennis.

72.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 49-50. 

73.  Johnette Howard, “Pride month: Navratilova, King and the 90 days that shook women’s tennis,” WTA Tour, last modified June 11, 2021, https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2167985/pride-month-navratilova-king-and-the-90-days-that-shook-women-s-tennis.

74.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 51. 

75.  Pamela J. Forman and Darcy C. Plymire, “Amélie Mauresmo’s Muscles: The Lesbian Heroic in Women’s Professional Tennis,” Women’s Studies Quarterly 33, no. 1/2 (Spring/Summer 2004): 120, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40005505.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A88a708c24a32235fd7ca4f05e0233bdd.

76.  Tim Layden, “Coming Out Party,” Vault, last modified February 8, 1999, 2021, https://vault.si.com/vault/1999/02/08/coming-out-party-martina-hingis-won-her-third-australian-open-but-it-was-the-other-womens-finalist-openly-gay-amelie-mauresmo-who-stole-the-show-with-her-breakthrough-into-the-big-time. 

77.  Layden, “Coming Out Party,” Vault.

78.  Kristi Tredway, “Judith Butler Redux – the Heterosexual Matrix and the Out Lesbian Athlete: Amélie Mauresmo, Gender Performance, and Women’s Professional Tennis,” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 41, no. 2 (April 16, 2003): 165, https://ktredway.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/tredway-2014.pdf.

79.  Tredway, “Judith Butler,” 173.

80.  Forman and Plymire, “Amélie Mauresmo’s Muscles,” 124-125.

81.  Forman and Plymire, “Amélie Mauresmo’s Muscles,” 124.

82.  Forman and Plymire, “Amélie Mauresmo’s Muscles,” 122.

83.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 55-56. 

84.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 53. 

85.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 45. 

86.  David Kane, “‘Everyone Should Be Themselves’ – Minnen, Van Uytvanck Celebrate Pride,” WTA Tour, last modified June 2020, https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1682029/-everyone-should-be-themselves-minnen-van-uytvanck-celebrate-pride.

87.  Kane, “‘Everyone Should Be Themselves’” WTA Tour.

88.  Kane, “‘Everyone Should Be Themselves’” WTA Tour.

89.  Emily Liang, “The Media’s Sexualization of Female Athletes: A Bad Call for the Modern Game,” Inquiries Journal 3, no. 10 (2011): 1, http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/587/the-medias-sexualization-of-female-athletes-a-bad-call-for-the-modern-game.

90.  Liang, “The Media’s Sexualization of Female Athletes,” Inquiries Journal.

91.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 193.

92.  John Harris and Ben Clayton, “Femininity, Masculinity, Physicality and the English Tabloid Press: The Case of Anna Kournikova,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 37, nos. 3-4 (2002): 398, http://Femininity, Masculinity, Physicality and the English Tabloid Press: The Case of Anna Kournikova.

93.  Stephanie Kiefer and Katrin Scharfenkamp, “Does Online Media Put Beauty Before Performance? The Impact of Physical Attractiveness on the Popularity of Female Tennis Players in Online Media,” International Journal of Sport Finance, 2018, 160, http://journals.fitpublishing.com/files/IJSF/IJSFpdf/IJSF%2013.2_Kiefer.pdf.

94.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 193.

95.  Harris and Clayton, “Femininity, Masculinity,” 398.

96.  Harris and Clayton, “Femininity, Masculinity,” 400.

97.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 198.

98.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 194.

99.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 194. 

100.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 194.

101.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 194. 

102.  Lake, Routledge Handbook, 198. 

103.  Harris and Clayton, “Femininity, Masculinity,” 410. 

104.  Harris and Clayton, “Femininity, Masculinity,” 408-409. 

105.  International Tennis Federation and IPSOS Mori, Exploring Sports Gender Equality in the Media, 5, April 2021, https://www.itftennis.com/media/4912/advantage-all-ipsos-mori-research-april-2021-1.pdf.

106.  Love and Maxwell, “Serena Williams,” 35.

107.  Michael Quayle, “Stereotyping by omission and commission: Creating distinctive gendered spectacles in the televised coverage of the 2015 Australian Open men’s and women’s tennis singles semi-finals and finals,” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 1 (2017): 5-6, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1012690217701889.

108.  Quayle, “Stereotyping by omission,” 6-7.

109.  Quayle, “Stereotyping by omission,” 10.

110.  Quayle, “Stereotyping by omission,” 14-15. 

111.  Quayle, “Stereotyping by omission,” 12. 

112.  Quayle, “Stereotyping by omission,” 16. 

113.  Steven Flink, videoconference interview by the author, New York, NY, December 4, 2021.

114.  Cindy Shmerler, telephone interview by the author, New York, NY, December 7, 2021.

115.  Shmerler, telephone interview by the author. 

116.  D’Arcy Maine, “Once the Next Great American, Melanie Oudin Is Trying Something New,” ESPN, last modified September 5, 2018, https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/24586006/us-open-2018-melanie-oudin-was-supposed-next-great-american-tennis-player-serena-williams-venus-williams-work-way.

117.  Maine, “Once the Next Great American,” ESPN.

118.  Shmerler, telephone interview by the author. 

119.  Maine, “Once the Next Great American,” ESPN.

120.  Ben Rothenberg, “What’s Wrong with Eugenie Bouchard?,” The Guardian, last modified April 10, 2015, http://theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/10/whats-wrong-with-eugenie-bouchard.

121.  Jennifer Quinn, “U.S. Open Tennis: Eugenie Bouchard Under Pressure to Live Up to Expectations,” Toronto Star, last modified August 23, 2014, https://www.thestar.com/sports/tennis/2014/08/23/us_open_tennis_eugenie_bouchard_under_pressure_to_live_up_to_expectations.html.

122.  Sam Harris, “The Rise and Fall of Eugenie Bouchard,” Last Word on Sports, last modified July 26, 2020, https://lastwordonsports.com/tennis/2020/07/26/rise-fall-eugenie-bouchard/.

123.  Stu Cowan, “Sponsors Take a Hit with Eugenie Bouchard’s Loss at French Open,” Montreal Gazette, last modified May 26, 2015, https://montrealgazette.com/sports/stu-on-sports/sponsors-take-a-hit-with-eugenie-bouchards-loss-at-french-open.

124.  Michael Chammas, “Eugenie Bouchard Can Challenge Maria Sharapova in Marketability Stakes, Says Agent,” The Sydney Morning Herald, last modified January 23, 2014, https://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/eugenie-bouchard-can-challenge-maria-sharapova-in-marketability-stakes-says-agent-20140122-3194f.html. 

125.  WBUR, “Eugenie Bouchard: The Next Star Of Women’s Tennis?,” WBUR, last modified August 23, 2014, https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2014/08/23/eugenie-bouchard-us-open-tennis.

126.  WBUR, “Eugenie Bouchard,” WBUR.

127.  Susan Dominus, “Eugenie Bouchard Could Be Tennis’s Next Big Shot,” The New York Times Magazine, last modified August 21, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/magazine/eugenie-bouchard-could-be-tenniss-next-big-shot.html.

128.  Martin Samuel, “MARTIN SAMUEL: Emma Raducanu Is the Schoolgirl with the Nerves of Steel and the Fists of Fury…She Is Capturing Imaginations and Will Be Well Rewarded for Her Talent, Now and in the Future,” Mail Online, last modified September 10, 2021, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-9978937/MARTIN-SAMUEL-Emma-Raducanu-schoolgirl-nerves-steel-fists-fury.html.

129.  Reuters, “Raducanu’s Toughest Challenge Is Coping with the Fame Game,” Rappler, last modified September 15, 2021, https://www.rappler.com/sports/emma-raducanu-toughest-challenge-coping-fame-game/.

130.  Rory Jones, “Emma Raducanu Named Dior Brand Ambassador in ‘US$2.75m’ Deal,” Sports Pro Media, last modified October 20, 2021, https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/emma-raducanu-dior-brand-ambassador-endorsement-deal-tiffanys/.

131.  IMG Tennis (IMG Tennis), “.@emmaraducanu X #MetGala The @usopen champ wore @CHANEL for her first ever #MetGala!,” Twitter, September 14, 2021, https://twitter.com/IMGTennis/status/1437887310192914440?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw.

132.  Chloe Street, “The Emma Effect: How Grand Slam Raducanu Is Set to Be the UK’s Next Major Fashion Influencer,” Evening Standard, last modified September 21, 2021, https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/fashion/emma-raducanu-grand-slam-us-open-uk-fashion-influencer-b955017.html.

133.  S.L. Price, “Vive L’amour at the Love-Filled French Open, a Determined Jennifer Capriati and a Dominant Gustavo Kuerten Stole the Fans’ Hearts,” Vault, last modified June 18, 2001, https://vault.si.com/vault/2001/06/18/vive-lamour-at-the-love-filled-french-open-a-determined-jennifer-capriati-and-a-dominant-gustavo-kuerten-stole-the-fans-hearts.

134.  “1991 US Open: Seles and Capriati Introduce Power in Womens Tennis,” Tennis Buzz, last modified August 28, 2011, https://tennis-buzz.com/1991-us-open-seles-and-capriati-introduce-power-in-womens-tennis/.

135.  Robin Finn, “The Second Time Around For Jennifer Capriati,” The New York Times, last modified September 26, 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/26/sports/tennis-the-second-time-around-for-jennifer-capriati.html.

136.  Finn, “The Second Time Around,” The New York Times.

137.  Associated Press, “Burned-Out Capriati Had Contemplated Suicide : Tennis: First-Round Defeat at 1993 U.S. Open Was Devastating. Now Her Return Is Delayed.,” Los Angeles Times, last modified September 26, 1994, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-26-sp-43214-story.html.

138.  Finn, “The Second Time Around,” The New York Times.

139.  Price, “Vive L’amour,” Vault.

140.  “Leading Article: Capriati, Rich but Robbed of Her Youth,” The Independent, last modified May 18, 1994, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/leading-article-capriati-rich-but-robbed-of-her-youth-1437001.html.

141.  Jordaan Sanford, “Gauff Reveals Struggle with Pressure, Depression,” Tennis, last modified April 15, 2020, https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/gauff-reveals-struggle-with-pressure-depression.

142.  Sanford, “Gauff,” Tennis.

143.  Naomi Osaka (NaomiOsaka大坂なおみ), “❤️,” Twitter, May 26, 2021, 5:24 PM, https://twitter.com/naomiosaka/status/1397665030015959040?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1397665030015959040%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnaomi-osaka-french-open-press-conferences-mental-health%2F.

144.  Billie Jean King (BillieJeanKing), “My thoughts on Naomi Osaka’s decision not to speak with the press at Roland-Garros.,” Twitter, May 30, 2021, 6:01 PM, https://twitter.com/billiejeanking/status/1399123726239666176?lang=en.

145.  Jemele Hill, “Naomi Osaka Is Part of a Larger War within Sports,” The Atlantic, last modified June 2, 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/naomi-osaka-french-open-press-conferences-mental-health/619066/. 

146.  Hill, “Naomi Osaka,” The Atlantic. 

147.  Hill, “Naomi Osaka,” The Atlantic.

148.  Naomi Osaka, “Naomi Osaka: ‘It’s O.K. Not to Be O.K.,'” TIME, last modified July 8, 2021, https://time.com/6077128/naomi-osaka-essay-tokyo-olympics/.

149.  Jason Owens, “Naomi Osaka Cries after Question from ‘Bully’ Reporter in First Press Conference since French Open Media Flap,” Yahoo! Sports, last modified August 16, 2021, https://sports.yahoo.com/naomi-osaka-cries-after-question-from-bully-reporter-in-first-press-conference-since-french-open-media-flap-230031305.html.

150.  Owens, “Naomi Osaka Cries after Question,” Yahoo! Sports.

151.  Eurosport, “Roger Federer: ‘We Need a Revolution’ – Swiss Superstar Supports Naomi Osaka and Emma Raducanu,” Eurosport, last modified September 28, 2021, https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/tennis-news-roger-federer-supports-naomi-osaka-emma-raducanu-says-players-need-help-with-press_sto8560955/story.shtml&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1639011592998000&usg=AOvVaw1R0CNdjkaN_khhun6H47NP.

152.  Billie Jean King (BillieJeanKing), “My thoughts on Naomi Osaka’s decision,” Twitter.

153.  Razack and Joseph, “Misogynoir,” 302.

154.  Stahl, “Reading between,” 166-167; 186.

155.  Shmerler, telephone interview by the author.

156.  Shmerler, telephone interview by the author.

157.  Merlisa Lawrence Corbett, “Why Did the Teenage Phenom Become a Rarity in Women’s Tennis?,” Bleacher Report, last modified September 23, 2013, https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1782356. 

158.  Shmerler, telephone interview by the author.

159.  Shmerler, telephone interview by the author.

160.  Sean Gregory, “Brands Continue to Back Naomi Osaka, Showing an Evolution in How Sponsors Treat Athletes,” TIME, last modified June 7, 2021, https://time.com/6071645/naomi-osaka-french-open-sponsors-brands/#:~:text=Naomi%20Osaka%20is%20the,Nissan%2C%20Mastercard%20and%20TAG%20Heuer.

161.  Pat Evans, “Osaka’s New Line,” Front Office Sports, last modified November 16, 2020, https://frontofficesports.com/osaka-streetwear-line/.