Endnotes

1.  Stephen A. Pagaard, “German Schools and the Holocaust: A Focus on the Secondary School System of Nordrhein-Westfalen,” The History Teacher 28, no. 4 (August 1995): 544-551, https://www.jstor.org/stable/494641.

2.  Pagaard, “German Schools and the Holocaust,” 544-551. 

3.  “Echoes and Reflections U.S. College Survey” (working paper, n.d.), 2, https://echoesandreflections.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/College-Survey-Summary-Article-September-2020-a.pdf. 

4.  Scott Simon, “The Startling Statistics about People’s Holocaust Knowledge,” NPR, April 14, 2018, 1, https://www.npr.org/2018/04/14/602443782/the-startling-statistics-about-peoples-holocaust-knowledge.

5.  Michael Sturm, interview by the author, New York, NY, October 21, 2021.

6.  Daniel Kashi, interview by the author, New York, NY, October 30, 2021. 

7.  Hannah Moser, interview by the author, New York, NY, October 20, 2021.

8.  Sturm, interview by the author.

9.  Sturm, interview by the author.

10.  Bodo Von Borries, “The Third Reich in German History Textbooks since 1945,” Journal of Contemporary History 38, no. 1 (January/February 2003): 52, https://ezproxy.dalton.org/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180696. 

11.  Borries, “The Third,” 48.

12.  Sturm, interview by the author.

13.  Alan Cowell, “Teaching Nazi past to German Youth,” New York Times (New York, NY), June 9, 1995, sec. A, 3, https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/09/world/teaching-nazi-past-to-german-youth.html. 

14.  Pagaard, “German Schools and the Holocaust,” 548. 

15.  Sturm, interview by the author.

16.  Sturm, interview by the author.

17.  Pagaard, “German Schools and the Holocaust,” 544.

18.  Sturm, interview by the author.

19.  Kashi, interview by the author.

20.  Cowell, “Teaching Nazi,” sec. A, 3.

21.  Kashi, interview by the author.

22.  Borries, “The Third,” 55.

23.  Kashi, interview by the author.

24.  Kashi, interview by the author.

25.  Kashi, interview by the author.

26.  Kashi, interview by the author.

27.  Moser, interview by the author.

28.  Moser, interview by the author.

29.  Moser, interview by the author.

30.  Emily Schultheis, “Teaching the Holocaust in Germany as a Resurgent Far Right Questions It,” The Atlantic, April 10, 2019, 1-4, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/04/germany-far-right-holocaust-education-survivors/586357.

31.  Moser, interview by the author.

32.  PBS, “Holocaust Education in Germany: An Interview,” Frontline, last modified May 31, 2005, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/germans/germans/education.html.

33.  Borries, “The Third,” 55.

34.  Moser, interview by the author.

35.  Moser, interview by the author.

36.  Schultheis, “Teaching the Holocaust,” 4.

37.  Matthew Lee, “US, Germany Confront Rising Antisemitism, Holocaust Denial,” ABC News, June 24, 2021, 2, https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/us-germany-confront-rising-antisemitism-holocaust-denial-78462012.

38.  Monica Vitale and Rebecca Clothey, “Holocaust Education in Germany: Ensuring Relevance and Meaning in an Increasingly Diverse Community,” Forum for International Research in Education 5, no. 1 (2019): 1, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1207646.pdf.