Rome Project

The Roman Kings
Excerpted from UNRV History© 2003-2011 UNRV.com

Kings of Rome 
Courtesy of Rome Across Europe. Articles about the kings of Rome.

Who were the early Kings of Rome ?
Courtesy of ThoughtCo.

The laws of the kings. Rome, 8th/7th cent. B.C
Excerpted from Legal Status in the Roman World. From Women’s Life in Greece and Rome, Mary K. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant

Roman Republican Constitution
A discussion of the political offices and responsibilities of the various branches of the Roman Republican government  excerpted from UNRV.com.

Roman Republican Government
Excerpted from Rome: Republic to Empire by Barbara F. McManus, Assessment Director, The VRoma Project.

Polybius on the Roman Constitution
Excerpted from the Latin Library

The Constitution of the Roman Republic: A Political Economy Perspective
By Eric A. Posner. Courtesy of the Law School University of Chicago

Roman Social Classes and Political Factions of the Late Republic
Excerpted from Rome: Republic to Empire by Barbara F. McManus, Assessment Director, The VRoma Project.

The Law of the Twelve Tablets
circa 450 B.C.

The Twelve Tablets 451-450 B.C.
“This is the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a CODE OF LAW; it is also the earliest (surviving) piece of literature coming from the Romans.”

Ancient History Sourcebook.:The Twelve Tables, c, 450 BCE
From Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee University Research Extension Co., 1901) Vol. III: The Roman World, pp.9-11.

Lex Duodecim Tabularum
Article by George Long, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College on pp 688‑690 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Roman Law Resources
“This site provides information on Roman law sources and literature, the teaching of Roman law, and the persons who engage in the study of Roman law.” by Ernest Metzger Faculty of Law, University of Aberdeen.

Ius Romanum
“Welcome to the homepage for the Roman Law branch of the Law-related Internet Project at the University of Saarbrücken! These pages are dedicated to Roman Law: the legal system invented by the Romans more than 2000 years ago,which – having undergone the process of decay, revival, transformation and reinterpretation innumerable times-continues to influence legal thinking and legal practice to our days. ” by Thomas Rütner.

Ancient Rome and Law History: The Roman Law Library
Excellent resource site that includes or links to all the major Roman legal texts. Courtesy of Aleksandr Koptev.

Projet Volterra
“The general aims of the Projet Volterra are to promote the study of Roman legislation in its full social, political and legal context.”

Legal Status in the Roman World
From a survey through time. From Women’s Life in Greece and Rome, Mary K. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant

The Roman Law Articles of Smith’s Dictionary
William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

The Julian marriage laws (nos. 120-123, etc.)
From a survey through time. From Women’s Life in Greece and Rome, Mary K. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant

Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea
Article by George Long, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College on pp 691‑692 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Corpus Iuris Civilis: The Digest and Codex:Marriage Laws
This text is part of the Internet Medieval Source Book. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history.

Jewish History Sourcebook: Jews and the Later Roman Law 315-531 CE
This text is part of the Internet Jewish History Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern European and World history.

Interrex
Unsigned article on pp 644‑645 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Roman Government Officials During the Late Republic
Copyright 1999 by Rich Hamper.

Who Were the Roman Consuls and How did They Rule Rome ?
Courtesy of ThoughtCo.

Consuls 70-40 B.C.
Copyright 1998 by Rich Hamper.

Fasti
Article by William Ramsay, M.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow on pp 521‑523 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Which Romans Were Roman Senators In The Late Roman Republic From 49-46 BC?
Copyright 1998 by Rich Hamper.

Senatus
Article by Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Rector of the High School of Edinburgh on pp 1016‑1022 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Equites
Unsigned article on pp 471‑475 of of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Clients and Patrons
“One of the more peculiar aspects of the Roman society was the relationship between a client (clientela) and his patron (patronus). This was a complex system of interdependency by which a wealthy patron gave to his less fortunate clients one or more of the following:…” Copyright 1998 by Rich Hamper.

Patricii
Article by Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Rector of the High School of Edinburgh
on pp 875‑877 of of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Plebes
Article by Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Rector of the High School of Edinburgh
on pp 923‑927 of of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Ordinary Consuls of the Roman Republic and Empire 300 BC to 68 AD

Legatus
Article by Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Rector of the High School of Edinburgh on pp 677‑679 of of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Structuring Roman History: the Consular Year and the Roman Historical Tradition by John Rich (University of Nottingham).
“This article is concerned with the shaping of the annual narrative in historical writers working in the Roman annalistic tradition and contests the view that Livy and his predecessors conformed to a standard pattern from which Tacitus departed.” HistosVolume I (1997).

Censor
“Roman magistrate. He was responsible for the public moral and had to put out to tender projects that were to be financed by the state.” Courtesy of Livius.org, All content copyright © 1995–2017 Livius.org. All rights reserved.

Censor
Unsigned article on pp 260‑266 of of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Censorship in Ancient Rome (ca. 443-22 BC)
Courtesy of the Ancient Standard

List of censors of the Roman Republic
This is a list of censors of the Roman Republic, consisting of all recorded office holders. This list, unless otherwise indicated, is taken from Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Philological Monograph No. 15, vols. 1 and 2. (New York: American Philological Association, 1951, 1952). Courtesy of Wikipedia.

Not as Slaves, but as Friends and Allies: Rome’s Settlement of Lycia and Caria after 188
Text of the 1994 APA Abstract by Rob S. Rice

Sparing a Hornets Nest: Rome’s Treatment of Rhodes in 168
Text of the 1992 APA Abstract by Rob S. Rice

Ancient History Sourcebook: Appian: The Civil Wars – On the Gracchi
From: Appian, Civil Wars, I: I-3, in Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp. 77-89. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Appian, The Civil Wars (ed. Horace White)
“Editions and translations: Greek (ed. L. Mendelssohn) | English (ed. Horace White). Courtesy of the Perseus Project, Tufts Univversity.

The Life of Tiberius Gracchus
By Plutarch. Published in Vol. X of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1921. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Tiberius Gracchus
By Plutarch. Translated by John Dryden. Courtesy of the Internet Classics Archive.

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
Excerpted from UNRV History© 2003-2011 UNRV.com.

The Life of Caius Gracchus
By Plutarch. Published in Vol. X of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1921. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Caius Gracchus
By Plutarch. Translated by John Dryden.  Courtesy of the Internet Classics Archive.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Site devoted to examining all aspects of Sulla’s life. In French.

Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE):Rome at the End of the Punic Wars
From:Polybius, The Histories of Polybius,vol. 6., trans. Oliver J. Thatcher (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907.), pp. 166-193 Courtsey of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Histories 12.4b.1-c.1: An Overlooked Key to Polybios’ Views on Rome
By Craige Champion. Courtsey of Histos Volume 4 (2000).

Three Men in a Vote: Proscription and the Power of the Text (Appian, Bellum Ciuile 4.1. 1-6. 51) By John Henderson.
Histos Volume I, (1997).

Bellum Catilinae: The Life and Times of the Real Catiline.
Summary of ancient and modern sources on Catiline including Sallust’s , Catilinae Coniuratio, also called Bellum Catilinae in Latin. Excerpted from Bellum Catilinae

The Life of Pompey
By Plutarch. Published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Pompey
By Plutarch. Translated by John Dryden. Courtesy of the Internet Classics Archive.

Aspects of Plutarch’s Portrayal of Pompey
By B. X. de Wet. Courtesy of Acta Classica.

Gaius Julius Caesar
article by Jona Lendering ©.

Julius Caesar: Historical Background
Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, College of New Rochelle

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
“Welcome to De Imperatoribus Romanis, a web site which simply allows its users to retrieve short biographical essays of all the Roman emperors from the accession of the Emperor Augustus to the death of the Emperor Constantine XI Palaeologus. Each essay on this site,which is peer reviewed, is written by a scholar and is accompanied by a bibliography, illustrations, and footnotes”.

Index of Imperial Stemmata.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr. Courtsey of De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors

Stemmata of Imperial Dynasties.
“The stemmata of imperial families and dynasties available at this site are listed below, along with a few notes of explanation. In general, these family trees are inclusive rather than exclusive; I have attempted to put as many emperors as possible into each stemma, even when the family links seem somewhat tenuous. Since new imperial families often attempted to promote their ties to the old, this can sometimes help in understanding the history, or at least the propaganda, of a period.” By J. Vanderspoel, Department of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary.

A Visual Compendium of Roman Emperors
By Justin D. Paola Digital Image Analysis Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona.

The Imperial College 284 – 337
By J. Vanderspoel, Department of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary.

Those Wacky Emperors 49 BCE-305 CE
A somewhat irreverent survey of fifty-one men from Julius Caesar through Diocletian, who held supreme power in the Empire that owned the entire Mediterranean Sea for four hundred years.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): De Viris Illustris
J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.388-507. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): Lives of the Caesars
Rolfe Translation. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Suetonius: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
The Latin text is that of Maximilian Ihm in the Teubner edition of 1907, with cosmetic changes as printed in the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1913-1914. The English translation is by J. C. Rolfe, printed in the same edition. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

The Historia Augusta
Text and translation are transcribed from the Loeb Classical Library edition. The Latin text is, as stated in the Preface, that of Susan H. Ballou (thru Avidius Cassius), then that of Hermann Peter (from Commodus on). The English translation is by David Magie. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius (The Lives of the Caesars, The Deified Julius), written c. 110 CE
From: Suetonius, 2 vols., trans. J. C. Rolfe, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, and London: William Henemann, 1920), Vol. I, pp. 3-119. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook..

The Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 B.C.–68 A.D.)
Courtesy of Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History..

Augustus: A man for all Seasons
Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, College of New Rochelle.

Antony, Octavian and Cleopatra
Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, College of New Rochelle.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): The Divine Augustus
Translated by Alexander Thomson, R. Worthington, New York, 1883. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): De Vita Caesarum, Divus Augustus–The Lives of the Caesars–The Deified Augustus
From: Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum, 2 Vols., trans. J. C. Rolfe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1920), pp. 123-287. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

The Deeds of the Divine Augustus, By Augustus, Written 14 A.C.E.
Translated by Thomas Bushnell, BSG, Courtesy of the Internet Classics Archive.

Monumentum Ancyranum (Res Gestae Divi Augusti)
All three texts, the original Latin text, the Greek translation made in Antiquity, and the English translation made in the modern era are those of the Loeb edition, 1924. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

The Mausoleum of Augustus and the Res Gestae
Courtesy of Professor John Paul Adams, Department of Modern and Classical Languages & Literatures at the California State University at Northridge.

Life of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus
Translated by Clayton M. Hall (1923). Courtesy of Professor John Paul Adams, Department of Modern and Classical Languages & Literatures at the California State University at Northridge.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Augustan Encomiums, c. 31 BCE – 14 CE by Horace
From: Suetonius, 2 vols., trans. J. C. Rolfe, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, and London: William Henemann, 1920), Vol. I, pp. 405-497.

The Ara Pacis Augustae
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of Lacus Curtius.

Augustus of Prima Porta
‘The Augustus of Prima Porta, believed to have been commissioned in 15 A.D. by Augustus’ adopted son Tiberius, is a majestic example of Imperial Roman statuary’. Courtesy of Museos Vaticanos.

The Statue of Augustus of Prima Porta
“This website gives an introduction to the statue of Augustus at Prima Porta. It includes detailed descriptions, historical context and modern interpretations of the statue in light of Roman and Augustan culture”.

Livia: Princeps Femina
Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, College of New Rochelle.

Augustus and Tiberius: Historical Background
Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, College of New Rochelle.

How Excessive Government Killed Ancient Rome
by Bruce Bartlett. Courtesy of the Cato Journal, Volume 14 Number 2, Fall 1994.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum–Tiberius The Lives of the Caesars–Tiberius.
From: Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum, 2 Vols., trans. J. C. Rolfe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1920), pp. 291-401. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Cry Freedom: Tacitus Annals 4.32-35 by John Moles.
Histos, Volume 2 (1998).

Agrippina the Elder: Vixen or Victim? by Tina Saavedra .
This paper was presented at the Kentucky Foreign Language Conference on April 19, 1996. Courtesy of Diotima.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE): De Vita Caesarum: Caius Caligula (The Lives of the Caesars: Caius Caligula), written c. 110 CE
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. 174-179.

Ancient History Sourcebook: De Vita Caesarum: Divus Claudius, c. 110 CE.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.3-83.179.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: Life of Claudius
The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, C. Tranquillus Suetonius, The Translation of Alexander Thomson, R. Worthington, New York (1883)

Caligula: The First Autocrat.
“This page is devoted to an article about the Roman emperor Gaius Caesar(known by his nickname Caligula). The contents are an article that will be published in 2002 by The Celator. The article posted here is greatly expanded and is in seven section. Footnotes are grouped with their respective sections and a bibliography is listed separately.”

Cassius Dio-Book 59 
“These are the stories, then, that have been handed down about Tiberius. His successor was Gaius, the son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who was also known, as I have stated, by the names of Germanicus and Caligula.” Published in Vol. VII of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1924 Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

The Claudius Page
“This page is devoted to the Roman emperor Claudius. The contents are an article that is being published in 1999 by The Celator. The article is in five section. Footnotes are grouped with their respective sections. ”

Galgacus: On Roman Imperialism.
From Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola, 29-33 c.98 CE, Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum, Divus Augustus–The Lives of the Caesars–Nero, c. 110 C.E.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.87-187.Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Nero: The Actor-Emperor
“Nero: The Actor-Emperor was published by The Celator in 2004. Due to the space constraints of an article-length biography my final version was significantly cut down for publication from the original version which was twice as long.”

Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo
Courtesy of Livius.org. All content copyright © 1995–2018 Livius.org. All rights reserved.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum,–The Lives of the Caesars–Galba, c. 110 C.E.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.191-227. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum,–The Lives of the Caesars–Otho, c. 110 C.E.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.227-247. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum,–The Lives of the Caesars–Vitellius, c. 110 C.E.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.247-277. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius’ Vitellius by John W. Burke.
Histos, Volume 2 (1998).

The Flavian Dynasty (69–96)
Courtesy of Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.

Flavian Visual Propaganda: Building a Dynasty
By Michael Vasta. Constructing the Past. Volume 8, Issue1

Vespasian: A Simple Soldier
“Vespasian is a new article that will be published by The Celator at a date to be determined.”

Tacitus: The Legions Proclaim Vespasian Emperor, 69 CE.
From Tacitus: Histories, Book I1., 49-51, translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. Slightly adapted. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum–Divus Vespasianus, c. 110 C.E.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.281-321. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Law on Vespasian’s Imperium
Law conferring constitutional powers and privileges on Emperor Vespasian. Johnson, Coleman-Norton & Bourne, Ancient Roman Statutes, Austin, 1961, pp. 149-150, n. 183

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum–Divus Titus, c. 110 C.E.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.321-339. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

The Emperor Titus
“This section of my site is devoted to the Roman emperor Titus Here, you will find an article that was published in 1996 by The Celator. I have revised the article to include some new information, particularly on Titus’ death. The article was written to be read separately from the article about Domitian, so there will be redundant information about the Flavians.”

Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum–Domitianus c. 110 C.E.
From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914), II.339-385.Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

The Emperor Domitian
“This page is devoted to Domitian. The information comes from an article that was published in 1994 and was expanded during 1999.”

The assassination of Domitian: An astrological note
by Nicholas Whyte.

Blood on the Moon in Aquarius: The Assassination of Domitian
by Michael R. Molnar, Rutgers University Department of Physics and Astronomy.

The Emperor Nerva
“This page is devoted to an article I wrote about Marcus Cocceius Nerva, emperor from 96-98 C.E. The article is in three sections, below. Footnotes are at the end of each section.”

Ancient History Sourcebook: Aelius Spartianus: The Life of Hadrian
Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

The Antonine Dynasty (138–193)
Courtesy of Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Julius Capitolinus: The Life of Antoninus Pius
Translated by David Magie, Ph. D., for the Loeb Classical Library (1921). Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Marcus Aurelius (b.121- r.161-d.180): On the Virtue of Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161CE)
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. ??. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Eutropius (4th Cent CE):
The Reign of Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. ??. . Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Antoninus and Aelius
Twin sons of Marcus Aurelius.© Copyright Jona Lendering for Livius.Org.

The Severan Emperors
Excerpted from SPQR: Encylopaedia Romana. © Copyright James Grout 1997-2010

Syrian Emperors of Rome
“Designed and written by Leo Prado. Towards the end of Rome’s first millennium, a.u.c. 971-988Ê(A.D. 218-235), two Syrian youths reigned in succession as Roman emperors: Varius Avitus Bassianus (Heliogabalus) and Alexianus Bassianus (Alexander Severus).”

The Severan Dynasty (193–235)
Courtesy of Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.

Historia Augusta: The Life of Septimus Severus
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Was Caracalla guilty of human sacrifice?
By Jasper Burns. First published in THE CELATOR: Journal of Ancient and Medieval Art and Artifacts, Vol. 11, No. 2, February 1997, copyright by Jasper Burn

Historia Augusta: The Life of Severus Alexander Part I
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Historia Augusta: The Life of Severus Alexander Part II
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Historia Augusta: The Life of Severus Alexander Part III
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Severus Alexander
Courtesy of Livius .org. All content copyright © 1995–2016 Livius.org. All rights reserved.

Historia Augusta: The Life of Elagabalus Part I
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

Historia Augusta: The Life of Elagabalus Part II
Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius. copyright © William P. Thayer 2002.

The Later Severans-Elagabalus and Alexander-and Their Many Female Relatives, 216-235 A. D.
Courtesy of the Stoa Image Gallery

Ancient History Sourcebook:Vopiscus: Aurelian’s Conquest of Palmyra, 273 CE
From: Vopiscus: Life of Aurelian (b.c.215-r.270-d.275 CE), William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. ??. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Diocletian & the Tetrarchy by Michael Greenhalgh

Diocletian the Builder and the Decline of Architecture by Michael Greenhalgh

Diocletian-284-305 AD
By Marti A. Armstrong. Monetary History of the World.

Medieval Sourcebook: Eusebius of Caesarea The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine
from Volume I, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace, (Edinburgh: repr. Grand Rapids MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1955).

Ancient History Sourcebook: Sozomen (d. c. 450 CE): Constantine Founds Constantinople, 324 C E
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II:Rome and the West, 295-296. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

The Truth About Magnentius
“This page is devoted to an article that was published in May and June 2000 about Magnentius The article has been divided into three sections with the Bibliography in the third section. Footnotes are grouped with their respective sections.”

The Emperor Julian
This page is devoted to Flavius Claudius Julianus, emperor from 361-363 CE.

Medieval Sourcebook: Salvian: Romans and Barbarians, c. 440
From:James Harvey Robinson, ed., Readings in European History: Vol. I: (Boston:: Ginn and co., 1904), 28-30. Courtesy of the Internet Medieval Source Book.

Ancient History Sourcebook: Procopius of Caesarea: Alaric’s Sack of Rome, 410 CE History of the Wars [written c. 550 CE], III.ii.7-39
From: Procopius, History of the Wars, 7 vols., trans. H. B. Dewing (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press & Wm. Heinemann, 1914; reprint ed., 1953-54), II. 11-23. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ancient History Sourcebook:Procopius of Caesarea: Gaiseric & The Vandal Conquest of North Africa, 406 – 477: History of the Wars [written c. 550 CE], Book III, chapters iii-vii CE.
From: Procopius, History of the Wars, 7 vols., trans. H. B. Dewing (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press & Wm. Heinemann, 1914; reprint ed., 1953-54), II. 23-73. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Notitia Dignitatum (Register of Dignitaries, c. 400
“The Notitia Dignitatum is an official listing of all ancient Roman civil and military posts. It survives as a 1551 copy of the now-missing original and is the major source of information on the administrative organization of the late Roman Empire. From William Fairley, Notitia Dignitatum or Register of Dignitaries, in Translations and Reprints from Original Sources of European History, Vol. VI:4 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, n.d.). Pagination preserved in this etext.” Courtesy of the Internet Medieval Source Book.

Medieval Sourcebook: Jordanes: An Account of the Person of Attila
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols., (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-1913), p. 322. Courtesy Internet Medieval Source Book.

Priscus at the court of Attila (Priscus, fr. 8 in Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum)
translation by J.B.Bury. Courtesy Internet Medieval Source Book.

Medieval Source book: Leo I and Attila
From the accounts translated in J. H. Robinson, Readings in European History, (Boston: Ginn, 1905), pp. 49-51

Liberius the Patrician
Courtesy of James J. O’Donnell.

Book Reviews

Bernardo Santalucia, Studi di dritto penale romano.
Reviewed by Andrew M. Riggsby.
Richard Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome.
Reviewed by John Bendix.
Lacey, W. K., Augustus and the Principate. The Evolution of the System.
Reviewed by Jane Chaplin.
Corcoran, Simon J. J.,The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324.
Reviewed by R. W. B. Salway.
Gardner, Jane F., Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life.
Reviewed by Marilyn B. Skinner.
Drummond, A., Law, Politics and Power: Sallust and the Execution of the Catilinarian Conspirators.
Reviewed by Robin Seager.
McGinn, Thomas A.J., Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome
Reviewed by Brent D. Shaw.
Robinson, O.F., The Criminal Law of Ancient Rome
Reviewed by James E.G. Zetzel.
Willcock, M.M., Cicero: The Letters of January to April 43 B.C.
Reviewed by Ronald Cluett.
Watson, Alan., International Law in Archaic Rome: War and Religion.
Reviewed by William Seavey.
Wallace, Robert W. and Edward M. Harris, eds., Transitions to Empire: Essays in Graeco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C., in Honor of E. Badian.
Reviewed by Ronald Cluett.
Wallace, Robert W. and Edward M. Harris, eds., Form as Argument in Cicero’s Speeches: A Study of Dilemma.
Reviewed by James E.G. Zetzel
Murison, Charles., Galba, Otho and Vitellius: careers and controversies.
Reviewed by Christopher Ehrhardt
Gardner, Jane., Being a Roman Citizen.
Reviewed by John Bendix
Rich, J. W. ed., Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement.
Reviewed by A. Gowing
Gabba, Emilio., Dionysius and the History of Archaic Rome.
Reviewed by D.P. Harmon
Barrett, Anthony A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power.
Reviewed by A. Ferrill
Sacks, Kenneth S., Diodorus Siculus and the First Century.
Reviewed by P. Stylianou
Yakobson, Alexander., Elections and Electioneering in Rome: A Study in the Political System of the Late Republic.
Reviewed by P. Stylianou
Lintott, Andrew., The Constitution of the Roman Republic.
Reviewed by Erich S. Gruen
Johnston, David., Roman Law in Context.
Reviewed by James T. Chlup
Hemelrijk, Emily Ann., Matrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna.
Reviewed by Holt N. Parker
Williams, J.H.C., Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy. Oxford Classical Monographs.
Reviewed by Alexa Jervis
Young, Gary K., Rome’s Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305.
Reviewed by James T. Chlup
Keay Simon (ed.), and Nicola Terrenato., Italy and the West. Comparative issues in Romanization.
Reviewed by Kathryn Lomas
Wells, Peter S., The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe.
Reviewed by Michael Kulikowski
Anton Powell, Kathryn Welch.,Sextus Pompeius
Reviewed by Jörg Fündling
Christopher Kelly, Ruling the Later Roman Empire
Reviewed by Michael Kulikowski.
Jane Clark Reeder,The Villa of Livia Ad Gallinas Albas. A Study in the Augustan Villa and Garden.
Reviewed by Susann S. Lusnia.
C. J. Smith, The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology.
Reviewed by Ayelet Haimson Lushkov.
Victoria Emma Pagán,Conspiracy Narratives in Roman History
Reviewed by Debra L. Nousek.
Walter Scheidel (ed.)Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires.
Reviewed by Hyun Jin Kim.
Richard A. Billows Julius Caesar: The Colossus of Rome. Roman Imperial Biographies.
Reviewed by Richard Westall.
Pamela Marin Blood in the Forum: The Struggle for the Roman Republic.
Reviewed by Darryl A. Phillips.
Ian Morris,Walter Scheidel (ed.), The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium.
Reviewed by Christopher J. Tuplin.
Timothy A. Joseph, Tacitus the Epic Successor: Virgil, Lucan, and the Narrative of Civil War in the Histories.
Reviewed by Salvador Bartera.
Gareth Sears, Peter Keegan, Ray Laurence (ed.), Written Space in the Latin West, 200 BC to AD 300.
Reviewed by Virginia L. Campbell.
David Rollason,The Power of Place: Rulers and their Palaces, Landscapes, Cities, and Holy Places.
Reviewed by Garrett Ryan.
Anthony A. Barrett, Elaine Fantham, John C. Yardley (ed.),The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources..
Reviewed by Lauren Ginsberg.
Barbara Levick,Vespasian. Second Edition.Roman Imperial Biographies..
Reviewed by Christopher Mallan.
Benjamin Straumann, Crisis and Constitutionalism: Roman Political Thought from the Fall of the Republic to the Age of Revolution..
Reviewed by Ayelet Haimson Lushkov.
William V. Harris, Roman Power: A Thousand Years of Empire..
Reviewed by Harriet I. Flower.
Geoffrey S. Sumi, Ceremony and Power: Performing Politics in Rome between Republic and Empire..
Reviewed by Mark Wright.
Richard Duncan-Jones, Power and Privilege in Roman Society..
Reviewed by John Weisweiler.
H. C. Teitler, The Last Pagan Emperor: Julian the Apostate and the War against Christianity..
Reviewed by Marco Alviz Fernández.
Nathan T. Elkins, The Image of Political Power in the Reign of Nerva, AD 96-98..
Reviewed by Alice König.