Rome Project

Commagene
Courtesy of the Encyclopædia Iranica

Kingdom of Commagene
Courtesy of Wikipedia

Kingdom of Commagene
Courtesy of YouTube.

Commagene-in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2013

List of rulers of Commagene
“The Kingdom of Commagene was a small Hellenistic kingdom in southern Anatolia, near Antioch, which began life as a tributary state of the Seleucids, and later became an independent kingdom, before eventually being annexed by Rome in 72 AD.”From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Rulers of Commagene: chronology 170 BC-AD 72
Courtesy of I. Mladjov

Early Roman Rule in Commagene
By Michael Alexander Speidel. Courtesy of Academi.edu

Concerning The Calamity That Befell Antiochus, King Of Commagene. As Also Concerning The Alans And What Great Mischiefs They Did To The Medes And Armenians
Wars of the Jews by Flavius Josephus Book VII, Chapter 7

Nemrud Daği
Nemrud Daği: the tomb of king Antiochus I Theos of Commagene (r.70-31 BCE), famous for its uncommon sculpture. © Jona Lendering for Livius.Org, 2003 Revision: 29 Jan. 2012

Nemrud Dagi
“The famous statues of gods, goddesses and also the kings as well as the tumulus of 1.Antiochos Epiphanes, the king of Kommagene, are situated on Nemrud dagi (Nemrud mountain) which is located next to Kahta village of Adiyaman, a southeastern province of Turkey. The region in eastern Anatolia between Taurus mountains and Euphrates river was called Kommagene during the Hellenistic and Roman times. Beyond the sacred site on Nemrud dagi there were some settlements of the kingdom of Kommagene such as the cities of Samosata, Perre, Doliche and Germanikeia Kaisareia. The same region was called Kumuhu in Assurian documents which was mentioned as the land belonging to the late Hittite kingdom.” Courtesy of Focus Multimedia Magazine Online.

The lost Kingdom of Commagene
Courtesy of Unchatrted Ruins: Looking for the remnants of a lost civilization…

The lost Kingdom of Commagene-Part II
Courtesy of Unchatrted Ruins: Looking for the remnants of a lost civilization…

Nemrud Dag: Virtual Worlds Under Construction
“The Sanctuary of Nemrud Dagi is one of the most remarkable, best preserved, but least known monuments of Asia Minor.Ê The site, called by its builder a hierothesion, or “common dwelling place of all the gods next to the heavenly thrones,” is situated 2150m above sea level atop one of the highest peaks in the Anti-Taurus Mountains of southeastern Turkey near the banks of the Euphrates River.Ê The monument is one of the premier sites of the Late Hellenistic period. It was constructed by King Antiochus I of Commagene in the mid-1st century BCE to command a 360o view of the ranges, plains, and towns that comprised his ancient kingdom.Ê It became the main sanctuary of his ruler cult to which worshippers from all over this kingdom were expected to go on the monthly and yearly anniversary of the king’s birth and his accession to the throne.” Courtesy of Learning Sites, Inc. © 1996-2001 Learning Sites, Inc.

Nemrut Dagi, Turkey
Courtesy of Places of Peace and Power. ©1983-2009 Martin Gray

Nemrut Dagi Map
Courtesy of PlanetWare.com.

Zeugma Archaeological Project
Under the direction of Ankara University , Department of Archaeology. Zeugma Archeological Project © 2009

Excavations at Zeugma, Conducted by Oxford University Edited by William Aylward The Packard Humanities Institute Los Altos, California 2013
Courtesy of AWOL- The Ancient World Online

Zeugma
“The city had been the capital of allied kings of the Roman Empire one of whom, Antiochus IV, was described as a man “who had inherited great wealth and was the richest client-king of all” (Tacitus Hist 2.81.1). In the first century AD, the kingdom was annexed by Rome to the province of Syria, the city flourished as a frontier town of the Roman Empire, and an entire legion of 5000 soldiers was placed there. Written sources provided occasional insights at various points during its subsequent history but the flesh for these boneswas to be found within the town wall circuit of 5 km enclosing some 250 ha/ 600 acres, and beyond it in the remains of the ancient villages, farms, aqueducts, quarries and roads of its hinterland.”

Zeugma: A Roman site in Asia Minor…
” ZEUGMA lies on the EUPHRATES river, which served as a link between ANATOLIA and MESOPOTAMIA from the earliest times.It is near the village of BELKIS 10 km. east of NISIBIS (Nizip) in the province of GAZIANTEP. Zeugma and Samosata (today known as Belkis and Samsat respectively) were situated at the two easiest points for crossing this great river In particular, this route was used to bring timber from the AMANUS and TAURUS mountains to the first literate, urban civilizations of Southern Mesopotamia and probably by Assyrian traders in metals passing to and from their outpost at Kultepe in Central Anatolia.”

Roman Military Installations and New Inscriptions at Zeugma
By M, Hartmann and M. A. l Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu

Legio III Augusta in the East. Evidence from Zeugma on the Euphrates
By Michael Alexander Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu.

Osroene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Osroene
Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.

The Osrhoene Kingdom and The Roman Period
Culturel Details of Şanlifra

Osroene – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Osroene
Courtesy of YouTube.

Kingdom of Edessa (Osrone), Mesopotamia
Excerpted from Forum Ancient Coins

Osroene mosaics: Family, Death and Afterlife According to Mosaics of the Abgar Royal Period in the Region of Osroene
By Barış Salman. Courtesy of academia.edu

Who was Who in Roman Times: Links of Countries, Places and Peoples: Sophene/Tsopk/Sophenians

Sophene   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Kingdom of Armenia Sophene: Timeline
Armenia Sophene was a short-lived division of Armenia proper, and one which seems to be very poorly documented. It was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Courtesy of the History Files.

Kingdom of Sophene
Courtesy of Wikipedia

List Of Kings Of Armenia: Kings Of Sophene
Courtesy of Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia

Strabo’s Geography Book XI
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

King Tigran II the Great
Tigranes also spelled TIGRAN, or DIKRAN (b. c. 140–d. c. 55 BC), king of Armenia from 95 to 55 BC, under whom the country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East.

The Rise and Fall of Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia
Courtesy of Ancient Origins Reconstructing the Story of Humanity’s Past.

The Cultural Landscape of Sophene from Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Times
By Michał Marciak. Courtesy of academia edu.

Armenia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Armenia
Article by © Jona Lendering for Livius.Org, 1998 Revision: 21 October 2007

Strabo’s Geography Book XI: Chapter 14 Armenia
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Formation of the Armenian and Georgian Nations
Ronald Grigor Suny.  (excerpt from the book ”The Making of the Georgian Nation”/Indianopolis/1994) Maps: Andrew Andersen / 2003-20100,  Robert H. Hewsen / 2001, Friedrich W. Putzgers / 1929 and Ronald Grigor Suny / 199

Rulers of Armenia: chronology 366 BC-AD 428
Courtesy of I. Mladjov

Who was who in the Roman Empire: Armenia

King Tigran II the Great
Tigranes also spelled TIGRAN, or DIKRAN (b. c. 140–d. c. 55 BC), king of Armenia from 95 to 55 BC, under whom the country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East.

The Rise and Fall of Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia
Courtesy of Ancient Origins Reconstructing the Story of Humanity’s Past.

Corbulo, Armenia and Parthia
Excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Rivalry between Parthia and Rome
Charter XV of A History of Armenia. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Armenia in the Fourth century:End of Arshaguni Dynasty A Synopsis of The Principal Events After The death of King Drtad III (331-428 A.D.)
Courtesy of armenian-history.com.

Rome and Armenia in the Fourth Century
By Norman H. Baynes. Courtesy of the Internet Archive.

Armenian Legions in Roman Army: Legio Prima (I) Armeniaca, Legio Secunda (II) Armeniaca
By Smbat Minasyan.

The Development of the Roman Forces in Northeastern Anatolia. New evidence for the history of the exercitus Cappadocicus.
M. Speidel.

Ancient Coins of Armenia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Strabo on Caucasian Iberia: (ca 63 BC – 18 AD)
Translation: Simon Janashia. Maps: Andrew Andersen Excerpted from Conflittologia

The Kingdom of Iberia
By By Alexander Mikaberidze and George NikoladzeMaps: Andrew Andersen. Excerpted from An Outline of Georgian History.

Ammianus Marcellinus on the Geography of the Pontus Euxinus by Jan Willem Drijvers.
Histos, Volume 2 (1998).

Strabo’s Geography Book XIII: Chapter 3 Pontus, Paphlagonia, Lesser Armenia
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Pontus
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Pontus
Excerpted from The History Files.

Pontus
“Pontus, a Greek word meaning “sea,” generally taken in the ancient world to refer to the Black Sea, Pontos Euxeinos, or Axeinos (Strabo 1.2.10 C21). It also came to be applied more specifically to the Hellenistic kingdom of the Mithradatid rulers that emerged in northern Asia Minor at the end of the 4th century BCE” Excerpted from the Circl eof Ancient Iranian Studies.

Pontus
A history and geography of Pontus, courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Pontus – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Pontus :Who was who in Roman Times

Rulers of Pontus: chronology 450 BC-AD 64
Courtesy of I. Mladjov

Mithridates IV of Pontus
Excerpted from Hellenica World.

Mithridates V of Pontus
Excerpted from Hellenica World.

Mithradtes VI Eupator of Pontus
Excerpted from Livius: Articles on ancient history. (Almost) all articles by Jona Lendering © 1996-2004

Mithridates King of Pontus – Friend and Enemy of the Romans
Mithridates Poison and the Mithridatic Wars. By N.S. Gill

Mithridates VI of Pontus
Excerpted from HellenicaWorld.

Mithridates VI Eupator: Victim or Aggressor?
By Brian C. McGing

Mithridatum
Excerpted from SPQR Encyclopaedia Romana.© Copyright 1997-2015 James Grout

Manius Aquillius
Excerpted from SPQR Encyclopaedia Romana.© Copyright 1997-2015 James Grout

Ancient History Sourcebook: Mithridates & The Roman Conquests in the East, 90-61 BCE.
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. 118-120, 123-127

Satala(Sadak)
Satala: (modern Sadak): Roman legionary base, used by XVI Flavia Firma and XV Apollinaris. Excerpted from Livius: Articles on ancient history. (Almost) all articles by Jona Lendering © 1996-2004.

The Development of the Roman Forces in Northeastern Anatolia. New evidence for the history of the exercitus Cappadocicus.
M. Speidel.

Ancient Coins of Pontus
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Pontos (Pontus): Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

The Paphlagonia Project: The Archaeological Research Project of  Paphlagonia
“The archaeology of this region has been done very unevenly: the south coast has hardly been touched by comparison with the century and more of sustained excavation and survey on the other coasts. Inevitably the archaeological picture of these coasts in Antiquity looks strangely unbalanced, even though our literary texts offer moments of insight to the Classical Antiquity of Turkish Black Sea, spread across centuries and driven by a range of authorial agendas, e.g. Xenophon’s Anabasis, Strabo’s Geography, Arrian’s Periplus. Centuries later, the whole of Turkish coast of Black Sea is a live archaeological region, and the ongoing discoveries help shed more light on the facts of the past and on the incredible ancient prosperity of this region.”

Paphlagonia   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010.

Ancient Coins of Paphlagonia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Paphlagonian Coins
Excerpted from Forum Ancient Coins

Paphlagonia: Cities/Mints
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cappadocia
“The region of the central Anatolia which is called Cappadocia was surrounded by Galatia (Ankara) and Lykaonia (Konya) to the west, Armenia to the east, Pontus to the north and Kilikia to the south.” Courtesy of Focus Multimedia Magazine Online.

Cappadocia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Strabo’s Geography: Book XII Chapter 1
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Cappadocia
© Jona Lendering for Livius.Org, 2007

Cappadocia   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Who was who in the Roman Empire: Cappadocia

The Development of Roman Forces in Northeastern Anatolia: New Evidence for the history of the exercitius Cappadocicius
By Michael Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu

Connecting Cappadocia.The Contribution of the Roman Imperial Army
By Michael Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu

Ancient Coins of Cappadocia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cappadocia: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

Cilicia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Cilicia
An overview of the history, and geography of Cilicia. Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Cilicia
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

Cilician Pirates
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

Pompey and the Cilician Pirates
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

The Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project
“During the summer of 2000 the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project, co-directed by Nicholas Rauh of Purdue University and LuAnn Wandsnider of the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, positively identified the location of a “lost” Roman city, the site of ancient Juliosebaste in western Rough Cilicia.”

Burial Remains in Roman Rough Cilicia Report
By Nicholas Rauh, Sorin Adam Matei and Matthew Dillon. ‘Since 1996 the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey has examined an extensive area of western Rough Cilicia in order to obtain a more balanced appraisal of the historical process of Romanization in this peripheral region of the Eastern Mediterranean.” Courtesy of Visible Past.

Economy of Roman Eastern Rough Cilicia: Some Archaeological Indicators
By Adele Federica Ferrazzoli. Bolletinio Di Arhaeologica On Line.

Who was Who in the Roman Empire: Cilicia

Strabo’s Geography: Book XIV Chapter 5
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Ancient Coins of Cilicia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cilician Coins
Excerpted from Forum Ancient Coins

Cilicia: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

Cyprus under the Roman Empire
From Maier, F.G. (1968), “Cyprus: From Earliest Time to the Present Day”, Elek Books Ltd., London. Courtesy of the North Cyprus Home Page.

Cyprus
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Roman Cyprus
Courtesy of Wikipedia.

Roman Cyprus
Courtesy of Livius. org. Articles on ancient history. All content copyright © 1995–2017 Livius.org.

Ancient Cyprus in the British Museum: Roman Kourion (c. 50 BC – AD 500)
By Thomas Kiely. © Trustees of the British Museum

Cyprus   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Strabo’s Geography: Book XIV Chapter 6
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Hellenistic and Roman Cypriot Art
From the Metropolitan Museum’s Timeline of Art history.

Sculpture in Roman Cyprus
By Jane Fejfer.

Ancient History of Cyprus
Courtesy of Hellenica World.

Salamis: Ancient Roman city
Excerpted from North Cyprus

Salamis (Cyprus)
History of the city of Cyprus. Excerpted from Roman Aqueducts.

Pots to People in Late Roman Cyprus (Review)
Bill Caraher, February 7, 2011 issue of The Archaeology of the Mediterranean World.

A Climatological and Contextual Analysis of Roman Water Technologies in Cyprus.
By Gretchen Stricker. Courtesy of the University of Missouri-Columbia.

Archaeologists uncover Roman Roads from ancient Cyprus
Courtesy of University of Sydney.

Ancient Coins of Cyprus
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cyprus: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

Cypriote Coinage under Roman rule (30 BC-3rd century AD).
By Michel Amandry. Excerpted from Kyprios Character: History, Archaeology & Numismatics of Ancient Cyprus.

Pamphylia
An overview of the history, and geography of Pamphylia. Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Pamphylia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Pamphylia
article by Jona Lendering ©

Pamphylia- in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010.

Who was who in the Roman Empire: Pamphylia

Strabo’s Geography: Book XIV Chapter 4
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Seleukia in Pamphylia

Side
“Greek colony in Pamphylia, important port in the Roman Empire” Courtesy of .Jona Lendering for
Livius.Org, 2003.

Side
“The ancient Pamphylian city of Side is situated 75 kms to the east of Antalya. According to famous geographer Strabo, the foundation of the city goes back to 7th century B.C.” Courtesy of Focus Multimedia Magazine. Online.

The Ancient Theater of Side
By Georgia Aristodemou. Courtesy of Academia EDU.

Roman Theater in Side
Courtesy of Turkish Archaeological News.

Perge (Aksu)
“Perge (18 km. from Antalya ) was an important city in Pamphylia.” Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Aspendos (Belkis) Pamphylia, Turkey.
Courtesy of Princton Encylopedia of Classical Sites.

Aspendos
“Aspendos is located to the east of Antalya and is famous for its best-preserved ancient amphitheater built in the 2nd century AD during the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.” Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

The Theatre of Aspendos
Excerpted from Vitruvius De Architectura Libra X.

Roman Aqueduct: Aspendos
Excerpted from Roman Aueducts.

Ancient Coins of Pamphylia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Pamphylia: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

Wo was who in the Roman Empire: Pisidia

Pisidia- in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010.

Strabo’s Geography: Book XII Chapter 7
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Pisidian Antioch, Turkey
“Archaeologists had long been fascinated by the discovery of sixty fragments of a copy of the famous Res Gestae Divi Augusti at Antioch,a military base and eastern outpost of Roman civilization under the Emperor Augustus. The original inscription had been set up in bronze in front of the mausoleum of the Emperor Augustus in Rome to commemorate his noble deeds but had been lost in the passage of time.The copy at Antioch of Pisidia had apparently been inscribed in stone in a prominent position in the ancient town to extol Augustus to his subjects in the Eastern Roman Empire.” Courtesy of the Kelsey Online.

Pisidian Antioch
“Seventeen ancient cities in Turkey were named Antioch, but only two are remembered by any but scholars today. One is Antakya and the other is Antioch in Pisidia, Yalvac. Both figure largely in ancient and early Christian history, and the latter in particular is celebrated for its architecture.” Courtesy of Burak H. Sansal.

Pisidian Antioch
“Pisidian Antioch was was situated near the Anthius River, on fertile land, in the extreme northeast of Phrygia near Pisidia; the name that Strabo gives to the city is Antioch near (or towards) (pros) Pisidia (Geography, 12.6.4; Ptolemy, Geography, 5.).”

Building a New Rome: The Imperial Colony of Pisidian Antioch
An Online Exhibition of the Kelsey Musueum of Archaeology. Univesity of Michigan.

Architectural Reconstruction Drawings of Pisidian Antioch by Frederick J. Woodbridge
By Adrian Ossi. Bulletin of the University of Michigan Museums of Art and Archaeology.

Province of Pisidia.
“Pisidia is situated in Asia Minor, inland from Pamphylia, between that district and Phrygia. It is mountainous country, and was sparsely settled before the time of Alexander. The inhabitants were resistant to conquest and civilization alike, and not until Roman times was order imposed there. Two cities, Etenna and Selge, issued coins before 100 BC; 32 minted in the second century AD.”

Sagalassos; Archaeological Research Project
“The archaeological site of Sagalassos is located in SW-Turkey, near the present town of Aglasun (Burdur province), roughly 110 km to the north of the well-know port and holiday resort Antalya. As a result of this location, Sagalassos not only has become part of most ‘cultural tours’ of Turkish tourism, but also has become a favourite day excursion from the coastal resorts. In ancient times, the western part of the Taurus mountain range, in which Sagalassos is set, was known as the region of Pisidia. Next to its mountains, a series of lakes form another typical feature of the regional geography. Today this region is known as the Lake District.”

City in the Clouds
“In 1706, Paul Lucas, traveling in southwest Turkey on a mission for the court of Louis XIV, came upon the mountaintop ruins of Sagalassos. The first Westerner to see the site, Lucas wrote that he seemed to be confronted with remains of several cities inhabited by fairies. Later, during the mid-nineteenth century, William Hamilton described it as the best preserved ancient city he had ever seen. Toward the end of that century, Sagalassos and its theater became famous among students of classical antiquity. Yet large scale excavations along the west coast at sites like Ephesos and Pergamon, attracted all the attention. Gradually Sagalassos was forgotten…until a British-Belgian team led by Stephen Mitchell started surveying the site in 1985.” Excerpted from InteractiveDig, produced by Archaeology Magazine© 2003 Archaeological Institute of America.

Ancient coins of Pisidia
“The district of Pisidia included all the mountainous country between Phrygia and the north of Pamphylia and north-east of Lycia. Pisidia was not civilized in early times, as it possessed no means of communica- tion with the sea, and the only town in the district which struck money before the time of Alexander the Great was Selge.”

Pisidia: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.