Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Analena Hope Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution: The Black Panther Party and the Early Seeds of the Food Justice Movement,” in Black Food Matters: Racial Justice in the Wake of Food Justice<\/em>, ed. Ashant\u00e9 M. Reese and Hanna Garth (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2020), 88, https:\/\/ezproxy.dalton.org:2066\/book\/78623. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution,” 88.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Black Panther Party Free Breakfast Program<\/em>. Berkeley, CA: Black Panther Party National Headquarters, n.d. http:\/\/freedomarchives.org\/Documents\/Finder\/DOC513_scans\/BPP_General\/513.BPP.Free.Breakfast.donations.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Monica M. White, “A Pig and a Garden: Fannie Lou Hamer’s Freedom Farm Cooperative,” in Freedom Farmers: Agricultural Resistance and the Black Freedom Movement (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 71-72, https:\/\/ezproxy.dalton.org:2066\/chapter\/2227749.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 76.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 76-77.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. On the Question of Sexism within the Black Panther Party,\u201d Black Panther Party General, Freedom Archives, freedomarchives.org\/Documents\/Finder\/DOC513_scans\/BPP_Women\/513.BPP.women.panther.sisters.womens.liberation.1969.pdf. <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Black Matriarch and Black Foodways<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Michael W. Twitty, “The Queen,” in The Cooking Gene: A Journey Through African American Culinary History in the Old South<\/em> (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2017), 249.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Twitty, “The Queen,” 244.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Psyche A. Williams-Forson, Building Houses out of Chicken Legs: Black Women, Food, and Power<\/em> (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Marybeth Gasman, “Swept under the Rug? A Historiography of Gender and Black Colleges.” American Educational Research Journal 44, no. 4 (2007): 764, www.jstor.org\/stable\/30069414. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Chrissy Lutz and Dawn Herd-Clark, “‘No One Was on Their Own’: Sociability among Rural African American Women in Middle Georgia during the Interwar Years,” Agricultural History<\/em> 93, no. 3 (Summer 2019): 445, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.3098\/ah.2019.093.3.437. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. Angela Davis, “Reflections on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves,” The Massachusetts Review<\/em> 13, no. 1\/2 (Winter\/Spring 1972): 87, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25088201.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. Williams-Forson, Building Houses<\/em>, 92; “Psyche Williams-Forson: African-American Food Culture (Full),” video, 33:17, YouTube, posted by Food and Society Video Project, April 17, 2015, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jxF3kvOzBSw.8. Davis, “Reflections on the Black Woman\u2019s Role,” 82.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Mammy Stereotype and Aunt Jemima <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Maurice M. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box,” Southern Cultures<\/em> 2, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 21, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26235388.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 22. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 20-21. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 22. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 24. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 25. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 8. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 25. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 9. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 26. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 10. “Vintage Old 1950’s Aunt Jemima Pancakes Commercial 1959.” Video, 1:11. YouTube. Posted by Vintage Fanatic, June 4, 2013. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=beOxrAt2L4w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 11. Manring, “Aunt Jemima Explained,” 29. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 12. Quaker Oats Company. Aunt Jemima’s Pancakes<\/em>. 1927. Image. https:\/\/repository.duke.edu\/dc\/protfam\/prfad02253.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 13. Aunt Jemima Mill Company, Advertisement for Aunt Jemima’s Pancake Flour<\/em>, 1916, photograph, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.13894117.14. Aunt Jemima Salt Shaker<\/em>, photograph, https:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/collections\/search\/object\/nmah_1418101; Aunt Jemima Syrup Bottle<\/em>. Photograph. https:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/collections\/search\/object\/nmah_1297790.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Black Women & The Black Panther Party\u2019s Free Breakfast Program (1969 – 1980)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Analena Hope Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution: The Black Panther Party and the Early Seeds of the Food Justice Movement,” in Black Food Matters: Racial Justice in the Wake of Food Justice<\/em>, ed. Ashant\u00e9 M. Reese and Hanna Garth (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2020), 83, https:\/\/ezproxy.dalton.org:2066\/book\/78623. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. The Black Panther Black Community News Service<\/em> (San Francisco, CA), May 15, 1967, 3, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/usa\/pubs\/black-panther\/01n02-May%2015%201967.pdf. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution,” 84. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution,” 87-88. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution,” 88. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. Black Panther Party Free Breakfast Program<\/em> (Berkeley, CA: Black Panther Party National Headquarters, n.d.), http:\/\/freedomarchives.org\/Documents\/Finder\/DOC513_scans\/BPP_General\/513.BPP.Free.Breakfast.donations.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution,” 89. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 8. Antwanisha Alameen-Shavers, “The Woman Question: Gender Dynamics within the Black Panther Party,” Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men<\/em> 5, no. 1 (Fall 2016): 51, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2979\/spectrum.5.1.03. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 9. Alameen-Shavers, “The Woman Question,” 45. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 10. Alameen-Shavers, “The Woman Question,” 46. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 11. \u201cOn the Question of Sexism within the Black Panther Party,\u201d Black Panther Party General, Freedom Archives, freedomarchives.org\/Documents\/Finder\/DOC513_scans\/BPP_Women\/513.BPP.women.panther.sisters.womens.liberation.1969.pdf. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 12. Safiya Asya Bukhari, “Coming of Age: A Black Revolutionary,” Social Justice<\/em> 30, no. 2 (2003): 9-10, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29768180. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 13. \u00a0Bukhari, “Coming of Age,” 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 14. \u00a0Bukhari, “Coming of Age,” 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Fannie Lou Hamer and the Freedom Farm Cooperative (1967 – 1976)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Waymon R. Hinson and Edward Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing:’ The Plight of Black Farmers,” Journal of African American Studies<\/em> 12, no. 3 (September 2008): 283, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41819175. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Hinson and Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing’,” 286. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Hinson and Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing’,” 288. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Hinson and Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing’,” 289. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Hinson and Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing’,” 290. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. Hinson and Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing’,” 291. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. Hinson and Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing’,” 291; 293. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 8. Mark Bittman, “Black Farmers May Finally Get the Help They Deserve,” The New York Times<\/em> (New York, NY), March 4, 2021, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/03\/04\/opinion\/black-farmers-covid-relief.html?searchResultPosition=1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 9. Hinson and Robinson, “‘We Didn’t Get Nothing’,” 295; “Our Mission,” Land Loss Prevention Project, https:\/\/www.landloss.org\/. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 10. Monica M. White, “A Pig and a Garden: Fannie Lou Hamer’s Freedom Farm Cooperative,” in Freedom Farmers: Agricultural Resistance and the Black Freedom Movement<\/em> (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 66, https:\/\/ezproxy.dalton.org:2066\/chapter\/2227749.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 11. “Oral History Interview with Fannie Lou Hamer, African-American, Woman, FDP: Member of Ex Com., 0491, Ruleville, Mississippi. 0491,” audio, 32:08, Stanford Oral History Collections, 1965, https:\/\/exhibits.stanford.edu\/oral-history\/catalog\/zb317wv2717. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 12. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 66. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 13. “Oral History Interview,” audio. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 14. Barbara Ransby, “Mississippi Goddamn: Fighting for Freedom in the Belly of the Beast of Southern Racism,” in Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision<\/em> (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 308. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 15. Ransby, “Mississippi Goddamn,” 308; White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 67. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 16. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 68. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 17. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 68. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 18. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 69.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 19. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 70. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 20. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 72.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 21. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 73. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 22. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 76.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 23. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 75-78. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 24. United States Census Bureau, 1960 Census: Population, Supplementary Reports: Per Capita and Median Family Income in 1959, for States, Standard Metropolitan Areas, and Counties<\/em>, 23, July 30, 1965, https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/library\/publications\/decennial\/1960\/pc-s1-supplementary-reports\/pc-s1-48.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 25. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 81. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 26. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 71. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 27. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 72. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 28. White, “A Pig and a Garden,” 85.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Contemporary Black Food Justice and Female Food Activists<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Young Lords Party, Palante: Voices and Photographs of the Young Lords, 1969-1971<\/em>, illus. Michael Abramson (Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2011), 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Young Lords Party,\u00a0Palante<\/em>,\u00a045.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Analena Hope Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution: The Black Panther Party and the Early Seeds of the Food Justice Movement,” in Black Food Matters: Racial Justice in the Wake of Food Justice<\/em>, ed. Ashant\u00e9 M. Reese and Hanna Garth (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2020), 91, https:\/\/ezproxy.dalton.org:2066\/book\/78623.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. “Leah Penniman,” Soul Fire Farm, https:\/\/www.soulfirefarm.org\/meet-the-farmers\/leah-penniman\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Leah Penniman, “Black Land Matters,” introduction to Farming While Black: Soul Fire Farm’s Practical Guide to Liberation on the Land<\/em> (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2018), 3-4; Penniman prefers the term \u201cfood apartheid\u201d over \u201cfood desert,\u201d as she says this more explicitly implies that disparities in the food system are human created. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. Penniman, “Black Land Matters,” introduction, 4-5.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. Penniman, “Black Land Matters,” introduction, 5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 8.\u00a0Penniman, “Black Land Matters,” introduction, 6.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n 9. “Ask a Sista Farmer,” Soul Fire Farm, https:\/\/www.soulfirefarm.org\/food-sovereignty-education\/ask-a-sista-farmer\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 10.\u00a0“UJIMA: Food Sovereignty, Fannie Lou Hamer & How to Make Kraut!,” video, 13:40, YouTube, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EootIwY56g0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 11. Penniman, “Black Land Matters,” introduction, 3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 12. Amanda Rosa, “See That Fridge on the Sidewalk? It’s Full of Free Food,” New York Times<\/em> (New York, NY), July 8, 2020, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/07\/08\/nyregion\/free-food-fridge-nyc.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 13. Jazmin Johnson, interview by the author, The Dalton School, New York City, NY, December 7, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 14. Johnson, interview by the author. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 15. Johnson, interview by the author. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 16. Johnson, interview by the author. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 17. Johnson, interview by the author; “NYC Community Fridges,” NYC Community Fridge Mapping Project, https:\/\/nycfridge.com\/. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 18. Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution,” 97. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 19. \u00a0Johnson, interview by the author.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n 20. Marcia Chatelain, “Black Women’s Food Writing and the Archive of Black Women’s History,” in Dethroning the Deceitful Pork Chop: Rethinking African American Foodways from Slavery to Obama<\/em>, ed. Jennifer Jensen Wallach (Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2015), 32, https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/book\/41285.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 21. Chatelain, “Black Women’s Food Writing,” 41. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 22. Chatelain, “Black Women’s Food Writing,” 43. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n 23.\u00a0Todd Kliman, “Black and White and Red All Over,” Washington City Paper<\/em> (Washington, DC), April 2, 2004, https:\/\/washingtoncitypaper.com\/article\/249478\/black-and-white-and-red-all-over\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 24. Chatelain, “Black Women’s Food Writing,” 44. \u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Introduction 1. Analena Hope Hassberg, “Nurturing the Revolution: The Black Panther Party and the Early Seeds of the Food Justice Movement,” in Black Food Matters: Racial Justice in the Wake of Food Justice, ed. Ashant\u00e9 M. 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