Rome Project

Assyria (Roman province)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ancient History Sourcebook: The Story of King Vahahran & his Queen, c. 300 CE
From: Edward B. Pollard, Oriental Women (Philadelphia: Rittenhouse Press, 1908), pp. 193-194 Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text. Courtesy of the Ancient History Sourcebook.

Assyria   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Arsaces   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010.

Parthia.com
“The Parthian Empire is a fascinating period of Persian history closely connected to Greece and Rome. Ruling from 247 B.C. to A.D. 228 in ancient Persia (Iran), the Parthians defeated Alexander the Great’s successors, the Seleucids, conquered most of the Middle East and southwest Asia, and built Parthia into an Eastern superpower. The Parthian empire revived the greatness of the Achaemenid empire and counterbalanced Rome’s hegemony in the West. Parthia at one time occupied areas now in Iran, Iraq,Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaidzhan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel.”

The Parthian period (ca.129 BC-224 AD)
Excerpted from Iraq4ever.

Parthians; The Empire of Arsacid Dynasty
Edited by Shapour Suren-Pahlav.  Excerpted from The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies.

Parthia (1)
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

Parthia (2)
Article by Jona Lendering © on the Parthian Empire.

Parthian kings
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

Parthian Empire
By Jona Lendering. Courtesy of the Iran Chamber society.

A Roman description of the Parthians or later Persians from Justin’s History of the World
Courtesy of Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies at the School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS), University of London.

The Parthians in Augustan Rome
By Charles Brian Rose. Courtesy of American Journal of Archaeology.

Parthian Army
Military forces of the Parthian Empire. Courtesy of Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies at the School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS), University of London.

History of Iran: Parthian Army
By Professor A. Sh. Shahbazi. Courtesy of the Iran Chamber society.

Parthian Horses – Parthian Archers: A Real Short History
By Beverly Burris-Davis. Courtesy of Parthia.com

Parthian Empire (247 B.C.-224 A.D.)
Thematic Essay from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Roman Mesopatamia-AD 115-117- From Trajan to Hadrian
Courtesy of GlobalSecurity.org.

Iran Historical Maps: Arsacid Parthian Empire, Armenian Kingdom
Collection of Twenty one maps, including maps detailing Roman campaigns in Armenia and Parthia.

The Art of Parthians
By Edith Porada. Excerpted from The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies.

Rome and Parthia at War
By Invictus. Excerpted from All Empires Online History Community.

Crassus and Parthia
Excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

The Parthian invasion of Syria 51-50 B.C.
Excerpted from PersianEmpire.info.

Rome and Parthia: Power Politics and Diplomacy Across Cultural Frontiers
By Dr R. James Ferguson. Research Paper No. 12, December 2005, Copyright © R. James Ferguson

Parthian Wars Timeline.
Courtesy of RedRampant.com.

Who was who in the Roman Empire: Parthia

Ancient Coins of Parthia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Coins of the Parthians
Excerpted from Forum Ancient Coins.

Sassanid Empire
Courtesy of the Iran Chamber society.

The Sasanian period (224-637 AD)
Excerpted from Iraq4ever.

Sasanians
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

An Introduction to the Sasanian Dynasty
Courtesy of CAIS The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies.

Rome and the Sassanid Empire: Confrontation and Coexistence
By Jan Willem Drijvers. Courtesy of Academia.edu

The Near East in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Empire
“The Sasanian Empire Project is one of the first ECAI electronic publication projects. The primary focus of the project is The Sasanian Seals Collection of Edward Gans currently housed at the Near Eastern Studies Department, University of California, Berkeley. Copyright © Guitty Azarpay, Jeanette Zerneke, and the Regents of U.C.”

Sasanika- A History Reference Site for the Sassanian Empire
“One of the most remarkable empires of the first millennium CE was that of the Sasanian Empire. Emanating from southern Iran’s Persis region in the third century CE, the Sasanian domain eventually encompassed not only modern day Iran and Iraq, but also the greater part of Central Asia, the Caucasus, including at times the regions corresponding to present-day Syria, Turkey, and Egypt. This geographically diverse empire brought together a striking array of ethnicities and religious practices. Arameans, Arabs, Armenians, Persians, Romans, and Goths, as well as a host of other peoples, all lived and labored under Sasanian rule. The Sasanians established a relatively tolerant imperial system, creating a vibrant communal life among their Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian citizens.”

Maps of the Sasanian Empire
Excerpted from The Near East in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Empire

Historical Geography of Fars during the Sasanian Period
By Negin Miri. Excerpted from Sasanika- A History Reference Site for the Sassanian Empire

TimeMap Interactive Map
Excerpted from The Near East in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Empire

Sasanian Kings
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

Res Gestae Divi Saporis and Dura
By Michael I. Rostovtzeff, Berytus Archaeological Studies Volume 8, Fac. II 1943, American University of Beirut.

Ancient History Sourcebook:The Karnamik-I-Ardashir, or The Records of Ardashir
From: Charles F. Horne, ed.,The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VII: Ancient Persia, pp. 225-253. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.

Ardashir Palace Photo Gallery
By Ali Majdfar at pbase.com

Emperor Ardeshir and the cycle of history
By: Dr. Richard Frye. Courtesy of the Iran Chamber society.

Roman Frontiers and Foreign Policy in the East
By Geoffrey Greatrex. Courtesy of academia.edu

An Overview of the Sassanian Persian Military by Chris Cornuelle ©1996
This paper originally appeared in a 1996 issue of Spearpoint, and will appear in a 1997 issue of Slingshot. “In this article I will take a fresh look at topics of interest to wargamers, namely command and control, the famous cavalry, the hidden infantry, and various allies and vassals.”

Sassanian Army
Military forces of the Sassanian Empire. Courtesy of Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies at the School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS), University of London.

The Sasanians (247 B.C.-224 A.D.)
Thematic Essay from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Parthian and Sassanian Mints
Copyright © 1998-2014 The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS).

Sasanian Mints 
Thematic Essay from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The Essential Characteristics of Parthian and Sasanian Glyptic Art
By Neilson C. Debevoise. Copyright © 1998-2014 The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)

Commagene
Courtesy of the Encyclopædia Iranica

Kingdom of Commagene
Courtesy of Wikipedia

Kingdom of Commagene
Courtesy of YouTube.

Commagene-in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2013

List of rulers of Commagene
“The Kingdom of Commagene was a small Hellenistic kingdom in southern Anatolia, near Antioch, which began life as a tributary state of the Seleucids, and later became an independent kingdom, before eventually being annexed by Rome in 72 AD.”From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Rulers of Commagene: chronology 170 BC-AD 72
Courtesy of I. Mladjov

Early Roman Rule in Commagene
By Michael Alexander Speidel. Courtesy of Academi.edu

Concerning The Calamity That Befell Antiochus, King Of Commagene. As Also Concerning The Alans And What Great Mischiefs They Did To The Medes And Armenians
Wars of the Jews by Flavius Josephus Book VII, Chapter 7

Nemrud Daği
Nemrud Daği: the tomb of king Antiochus I Theos of Commagene (r.70-31 BCE), famous for its uncommon sculpture. © Jona Lendering for Livius.Org, 2003 Revision: 29 Jan. 2012

Nemrud Dagi
“The famous statues of gods, goddesses and also the kings as well as the tumulus of 1.Antiochos Epiphanes, the king of Kommagene, are situated on Nemrud dagi (Nemrud mountain) which is located next to Kahta village of Adiyaman, a southeastern province of Turkey. The region in eastern Anatolia between Taurus mountains and Euphrates river was called Kommagene during the Hellenistic and Roman times. Beyond the sacred site on Nemrud dagi there were some settlements of the kingdom of Kommagene such as the cities of Samosata, Perre, Doliche and Germanikeia Kaisareia. The same region was called Kumuhu in Assurian documents which was mentioned as the land belonging to the late Hittite kingdom.” Courtesy of Focus Multimedia Magazine Online.

The lost Kingdom of Commagene
Courtesy of Unchatrted Ruins: Looking for the remnants of a lost civilization…

The lost Kingdom of Commagene-Part II
Courtesy of Unchatrted Ruins: Looking for the remnants of a lost civilization…

Nemrud Dag: Virtual Worlds Under Construction
“The Sanctuary of Nemrud Dagi is one of the most remarkable, best preserved, but least known monuments of Asia Minor.Ê The site, called by its builder a hierothesion, or “common dwelling place of all the gods next to the heavenly thrones,” is situated 2150m above sea level atop one of the highest peaks in the Anti-Taurus Mountains of southeastern Turkey near the banks of the Euphrates River.Ê The monument is one of the premier sites of the Late Hellenistic period. It was constructed by King Antiochus I of Commagene in the mid-1st century BCE to command a 360o view of the ranges, plains, and towns that comprised his ancient kingdom.Ê It became the main sanctuary of his ruler cult to which worshippers from all over this kingdom were expected to go on the monthly and yearly anniversary of the king’s birth and his accession to the throne.” Courtesy of Learning Sites, Inc. © 1996-2001 Learning Sites, Inc.

Nemrut Dagi, Turkey
Courtesy of Places of Peace and Power. ©1983-2009 Martin Gray

Nemrut Dagi Map
Courtesy of PlanetWare.com.

Zeugma Archaeological Project
Under the direction of Ankara University , Department of Archaeology. Zeugma Archeological Project © 2009

Excavations at Zeugma, Conducted by Oxford University Edited by William Aylward The Packard Humanities Institute Los Altos, California 2013
Courtesy of AWOL- The Ancient World Online

Zeugma
“The city had been the capital of allied kings of the Roman Empire one of whom, Antiochus IV, was described as a man “who had inherited great wealth and was the richest client-king of all” (Tacitus Hist 2.81.1). In the first century AD, the kingdom was annexed by Rome to the province of Syria, the city flourished as a frontier town of the Roman Empire, and an entire legion of 5000 soldiers was placed there. Written sources provided occasional insights at various points during its subsequent history but the flesh for these boneswas to be found within the town wall circuit of 5 km enclosing some 250 ha/ 600 acres, and beyond it in the remains of the ancient villages, farms, aqueducts, quarries and roads of its hinterland.”

Zeugma: A Roman site in Asia Minor…
” ZEUGMA lies on the EUPHRATES river, which served as a link between ANATOLIA and MESOPOTAMIA from the earliest times.It is near the village of BELKIS 10 km. east of NISIBIS (Nizip) in the province of GAZIANTEP. Zeugma and Samosata (today known as Belkis and Samsat respectively) were situated at the two easiest points for crossing this great river In particular, this route was used to bring timber from the AMANUS and TAURUS mountains to the first literate, urban civilizations of Southern Mesopotamia and probably by Assyrian traders in metals passing to and from their outpost at Kultepe in Central Anatolia.”

Roman Military Installations and New Inscriptions at Zeugma
By M, Hartmann and M. A. l Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu

Legio III Augusta in the East. Evidence from Zeugma on the Euphrates
By Michael Alexander Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu.

Osroene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Osroene
Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.

The Osrhoene Kingdom and The Roman Period
Culturel Details of Şanlifra

Osroene – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Osroene
Courtesy of YouTube.

Kingdom of Edessa (Osrone), Mesopotamia
Excerpted from Forum Ancient Coins

Osroene mosaics: Family, Death and Afterlife According to Mosaics of the Abgar Royal Period in the Region of Osroene
By Barış Salman. Courtesy of academia.edu

Who was Who in Roman Times: Links of Countries, Places and Peoples: Sophene/Tsopk/Sophenians

Sophene   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Kingdom of Armenia Sophene: Timeline
Armenia Sophene was a short-lived division of Armenia proper, and one which seems to be very poorly documented. It was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Courtesy of the History Files.

Kingdom of Sophene
Courtesy of Wikipedia

List Of Kings Of Armenia: Kings Of Sophene
Courtesy of Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia

Strabo’s Geography Book XI
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

King Tigran II the Great
Tigranes also spelled TIGRAN, or DIKRAN (b. c. 140–d. c. 55 BC), king of Armenia from 95 to 55 BC, under whom the country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East.

The Rise and Fall of Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia
Courtesy of Ancient Origins Reconstructing the Story of Humanity’s Past.

The Cultural Landscape of Sophene from Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Times
By Michał Marciak. Courtesy of academia edu.

Armenia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Armenia
Article by © Jona Lendering for Livius.Org, 1998 Revision: 21 October 2007

Strabo’s Geography Book XI: Chapter 14 Armenia
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Formation of the Armenian and Georgian Nations
Ronald Grigor Suny.  (excerpt from the book ”The Making of the Georgian Nation”/Indianopolis/1994) Maps: Andrew Andersen / 2003-20100,  Robert H. Hewsen / 2001, Friedrich W. Putzgers / 1929 and Ronald Grigor Suny / 199

Rulers of Armenia: chronology 366 BC-AD 428
Courtesy of I. Mladjov

Who was who in the Roman Empire: Armenia

King Tigran II the Great
Tigranes also spelled TIGRAN, or DIKRAN (b. c. 140–d. c. 55 BC), king of Armenia from 95 to 55 BC, under whom the country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East.

The Rise and Fall of Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia
Courtesy of Ancient Origins Reconstructing the Story of Humanity’s Past.

Corbulo, Armenia and Parthia
Excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Rivalry between Parthia and Rome
Charter XV of A History of Armenia. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Armenia in the Fourth century:End of Arshaguni Dynasty A Synopsis of The Principal Events After The death of King Drtad III (331-428 A.D.)
Courtesy of armenian-history.com.

Rome and Armenia in the Fourth Century
By Norman H. Baynes. Courtesy of the Internet Archive.

Armenian Legions in Roman Army: Legio Prima (I) Armeniaca, Legio Secunda (II) Armeniaca
By Smbat Minasyan.

The Development of the Roman Forces in Northeastern Anatolia. New evidence for the history of the exercitus Cappadocicus.
M. Speidel.

Ancient Coins of Armenia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Strabo on Caucasian Iberia: (ca 63 BC – 18 AD)
Translation: Simon Janashia. Maps: Andrew Andersen Excerpted from Conflittologia

The Kingdom of Iberia
By By Alexander Mikaberidze and George NikoladzeMaps: Andrew Andersen. Excerpted from An Outline of Georgian History.

Ammianus Marcellinus on the Geography of the Pontus Euxinus by Jan Willem Drijvers.
Histos, Volume 2 (1998).

Strabo’s Geography Book XIII: Chapter 3 Pontus, Paphlagonia, Lesser Armenia
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Pontus
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Pontus
Excerpted from The History Files.

Pontus
“Pontus, a Greek word meaning “sea,” generally taken in the ancient world to refer to the Black Sea, Pontos Euxeinos, or Axeinos (Strabo 1.2.10 C21). It also came to be applied more specifically to the Hellenistic kingdom of the Mithradatid rulers that emerged in northern Asia Minor at the end of the 4th century BCE” Excerpted from the Circl eof Ancient Iranian Studies.

Pontus
A history and geography of Pontus, courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Pontus – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Pontus :Who was who in Roman Times

Rulers of Pontus: chronology 450 BC-AD 64
Courtesy of I. Mladjov

Mithridates IV of Pontus
Excerpted from Hellenica World.

Mithridates V of Pontus
Excerpted from Hellenica World.

Mithradtes VI Eupator of Pontus
Excerpted from Livius: Articles on ancient history. (Almost) all articles by Jona Lendering © 1996-2004

Mithridates King of Pontus – Friend and Enemy of the Romans
Mithridates Poison and the Mithridatic Wars. By N.S. Gill

Mithridates VI of Pontus
Excerpted from HellenicaWorld.

Mithridates VI Eupator: Victim or Aggressor?
By Brian C. McGing

Mithridatum
Excerpted from SPQR Encyclopaedia Romana.© Copyright 1997-2015 James Grout

Manius Aquillius
Excerpted from SPQR Encyclopaedia Romana.© Copyright 1997-2015 James Grout

Ancient History Sourcebook: Mithridates & The Roman Conquests in the East, 90-61 BCE.
From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West, pp. 118-120, 123-127

Satala(Sadak)
Satala: (modern Sadak): Roman legionary base, used by XVI Flavia Firma and XV Apollinaris. Excerpted from Livius: Articles on ancient history. (Almost) all articles by Jona Lendering © 1996-2004.

The Development of the Roman Forces in Northeastern Anatolia. New evidence for the history of the exercitus Cappadocicus.
M. Speidel.

Ancient Coins of Pontus
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Pontos (Pontus): Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

The Paphlagonia Project: The Archaeological Research Project of  Paphlagonia
“The archaeology of this region has been done very unevenly: the south coast has hardly been touched by comparison with the century and more of sustained excavation and survey on the other coasts. Inevitably the archaeological picture of these coasts in Antiquity looks strangely unbalanced, even though our literary texts offer moments of insight to the Classical Antiquity of Turkish Black Sea, spread across centuries and driven by a range of authorial agendas, e.g. Xenophon’s Anabasis, Strabo’s Geography, Arrian’s Periplus. Centuries later, the whole of Turkish coast of Black Sea is a live archaeological region, and the ongoing discoveries help shed more light on the facts of the past and on the incredible ancient prosperity of this region.”

Paphlagonia   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010.

Ancient Coins of Paphlagonia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Paphlagonian Coins
Excerpted from Forum Ancient Coins

Paphlagonia: Cities/Mints
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cappadocia
“The region of the central Anatolia which is called Cappadocia was surrounded by Galatia (Ankara) and Lykaonia (Konya) to the west, Armenia to the east, Pontus to the north and Kilikia to the south.” Courtesy of Focus Multimedia Magazine Online.

Cappadocia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Strabo’s Geography: Book XII Chapter 1
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Cappadocia
© Jona Lendering for Livius.Org, 2007

Cappadocia   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Who was who in the Roman Empire: Cappadocia

The Development of Roman Forces in Northeastern Anatolia: New Evidence for the history of the exercitius Cappadocicius
By Michael Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu

Connecting Cappadocia.The Contribution of the Roman Imperial Army
By Michael Speidel. Courtesy of Academia.edu

Ancient Coins of Cappadocia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cappadocia: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

Cilicia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Cilicia
An overview of the history, and geography of Cilicia. Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Cilicia
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

Cilician Pirates
Article by Jona Lendering ©.

Pompey and the Cilician Pirates
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

The Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project
“During the summer of 2000 the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project, co-directed by Nicholas Rauh of Purdue University and LuAnn Wandsnider of the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, positively identified the location of a “lost” Roman city, the site of ancient Juliosebaste in western Rough Cilicia.”

Burial Remains in Roman Rough Cilicia Report
By Nicholas Rauh, Sorin Adam Matei and Matthew Dillon. ‘Since 1996 the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey has examined an extensive area of western Rough Cilicia in order to obtain a more balanced appraisal of the historical process of Romanization in this peripheral region of the Eastern Mediterranean.” Courtesy of Visible Past.

Economy of Roman Eastern Rough Cilicia: Some Archaeological Indicators
By Adele Federica Ferrazzoli. Bolletinio Di Arhaeologica On Line.

Who was Who in the Roman Empire: Cilicia

Strabo’s Geography: Book XIV Chapter 5
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Ancient Coins of Cilicia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cilician Coins
Excerpted from Forum Ancient Coins

Cilicia: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

Cyprus under the Roman Empire
From Maier, F.G. (1968), “Cyprus: From Earliest Time to the Present Day”, Elek Books Ltd., London. Courtesy of the North Cyprus Home Page.

Cyprus
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Roman Cyprus
Courtesy of Wikipedia.

Roman Cyprus
Courtesy of Livius. org. Articles on ancient history. All content copyright © 1995–2017 Livius.org.

Ancient Cyprus in the British Museum: Roman Kourion (c. 50 BC – AD 500)
By Thomas Kiely. © Trustees of the British Museum

Cyprus   – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010

Strabo’s Geography: Book XIV Chapter 6
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Hellenistic and Roman Cypriot Art
From the Metropolitan Museum’s Timeline of Art history.

Sculpture in Roman Cyprus
By Jane Fejfer.

Ancient History of Cyprus
Courtesy of Hellenica World.

Salamis: Ancient Roman city
Excerpted from North Cyprus

Salamis (Cyprus)
History of the city of Cyprus. Excerpted from Roman Aqueducts.

Pots to People in Late Roman Cyprus (Review)
Bill Caraher, February 7, 2011 issue of The Archaeology of the Mediterranean World.

A Climatological and Contextual Analysis of Roman Water Technologies in Cyprus.
By Gretchen Stricker. Courtesy of the University of Missouri-Columbia.

Archaeologists uncover Roman Roads from ancient Cyprus
Courtesy of University of Sydney.

Ancient Coins of Cyprus
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Cyprus: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.

Cypriote Coinage under Roman rule (30 BC-3rd century AD).
By Michel Amandry. Excerpted from Kyprios Character: History, Archaeology & Numismatics of Ancient Cyprus.

Pamphylia
An overview of the history, and geography of Pamphylia. Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Pamphylia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.

Pamphylia
article by Jona Lendering ©

Pamphylia- in ancient sources @ attalus.org
This page © Andrew Smith, 2010.

Who was who in the Roman Empire: Pamphylia

Strabo’s Geography: Book XIV Chapter 4
This webpage reproduces a section of The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1928. Courtesy of Texts in translation. Courtesy of Bill Thayer of LacusCurtius.

Seleukia in Pamphylia

Side
“Greek colony in Pamphylia, important port in the Roman Empire” Courtesy of .Jona Lendering for
Livius.Org, 2003.

Side
“The ancient Pamphylian city of Side is situated 75 kms to the east of Antalya. According to famous geographer Strabo, the foundation of the city goes back to 7th century B.C.” Courtesy of Focus Multimedia Magazine. Online.

The Ancient Theater of Side
By Georgia Aristodemou. Courtesy of Academia EDU.

Roman Theater in Side
Courtesy of Turkish Archaeological News.

Perge (Aksu)
“Perge (18 km. from Antalya ) was an important city in Pamphylia.” Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

Aspendos (Belkis) Pamphylia, Turkey.
Courtesy of Princton Encylopedia of Classical Sites.

Aspendos
“Aspendos is located to the east of Antalya and is famous for its best-preserved ancient amphitheater built in the 2nd century AD during the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.” Courtesy of Burak Sansal.

The Theatre of Aspendos
Excerpted from Vitruvius De Architectura Libra X.

Roman Aqueduct: Aspendos
Excerpted from Roman Aueducts.

Ancient Coins of Pamphylia
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics

Pamphylia: Cities/Mints
Courtesy of Asia Minor Coins .com An online index of ancient Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor.